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Mahmoud v. Taylor

Oral argument transcript · No. 24-297 · October Term 2024 · argued April 22, 2025 · the petitioner won

Decision: votes, opinion and citations · Official transcript (PDF) · Argument audio at the Supreme Court

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Transcript

From the Court's official transcript; speaker labels as in the transcript, with advocates' full names from its list of appearances.

Chief Justice Roberts: We will hear argument first this morning in Case 24-297, Mahmoud versus Taylor. Mr. Baxter. ORAL ARGUMENT OF ERIC S. BAXTER ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Eric S. Baxter: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: Parents everywhere care about how their young children are taught sexuality and gender identity. That's why nearly every public school in the country that provides sexuality education requires parental consent first. But Montgomery County is an extreme outlier, insisting that every elementary school student must be instructed that, among other controversial matters, doctors guessed at their sex when they were born and that anyone who disagrees is hurtful and unfair. Forcing Petitioners to submit their children to such instruction violates their religious beliefs and directly interferes with their ability to direct the religious upbringing Official 1 of their children. The Board claims this straightforward burden analysis will invite chaos. But schools nationwide have long applied expansive opt-out policies without significant difficulty, including the Board itself, which stills allows opt-outs for choir students who object to singing religious songs or students who object to certain storybooks, such as one that portrays an image of the Prophet Muhammad. Exempting students for some religious reasons but not others cannot be squared with the First Amendment. Nowhere else to go, the Board pleads for remand on strict scrutiny. But Petitioners have been seeking preliminary relief for two years already at significant personal expense. One family moved in with grandparents to afford private school. Another is home-schooling at the loss of $25,000 a year in special services the school provided their daughter with Down syndrome. Most have no alternatives. Petitioners deserve complete preliminary relief. In a system where thousands of students are daily opted in and out of the Official 1 class for multiple reasons, there's no basis for denying opt-outs for religious reasons. The Board does not dispute that under its theory, it could compel instruction using pornography and parents would have no rights. The First Amendment demands more. Parents, not school boards, should have the final say on such religious matters. I welcome the Court's questions.

Justice Thomas: Could you spend a minute or two to -- to explain how the -- why the record shows that the childrens are more than merely exposed to the -- these sorts of things in the storybooks?

Eric S. Baxter: Yes, Your Honor. I would start with the books themselves. The books themselves teach, for example, that children's --

Justice Thomas: No, I mean, what I'm talking about is not necessarily what the books say, but, rather, is that -- are the books just there and no more, or are they actually being taught out of the books?

Eric S. Baxter: No. We know that the -- the teachers are required to use the books. Official 1 When the books were first introduced in August of 2022, the Board suggested they be used five times before the end of the year. That's in the -- that's at 273a in the cert appendix. One of the schools, the Sherwood School, in June, for Pride Month, said that they were going to read one book each day to celebrate Pride Month. The Board's own testimony through Superintendent Hazel said that the books must be used as part of the instruction and that, at 650 -- 642 in the appendix, that discussion will ensue. That was the entire point of withdrawing the opt-outs and removing even notifying parents. They're not even allowed to know. The Board said in that statement it was so that every student would be taught from the inclusivity storybooks. And also, the district court transcript at 63 has counsel's admission that there have -- some of the books have to be used and it can be more.

Chief Justice Roberts: The school board -- alleges that the opt-out system became unworkable. Is that a -- is that a factor we should take into account in deciding whether it -- could be required? Official

Eric S. Baxter: Certainly, there --

Chief Justice Roberts: Does it have to be required?

Eric S. Baxter: -- there could be situations where it could be unworkable. The Board never raised that until after this litigation commenced. When they announced the withdrawal, they said it was because every student needed to read the inclusivity books. When they produced documents in response to an open records request, there was no mention of it not being workable. When -- parents met with the superintendents -- this is at the -- in the Hisham Garti declaration at JA 44 -- the reason given there was inclusivity. There was no mention of administrability until we get to -- until the litigation's been filed, and even then, all the Board was able to come up with was the argument that in -- in one instance in one school, there were dozens of students who opted out, where, if the average school size in Montgomery County is 700 students across at least a dozen classrooms, you're talking maybe one student per classroom. That hardly compares Official 1 with the one in eight students who are opted out for individual education programs, students -- 15 percent of students in Montgomery County who are taking English for speakers of a second language, the Board's own opt-outs that are required from the same instruction, required by state law to be opted out when the -- when the same books are read in health class.

Justice Sotomayor: Counsel, that wasn't the basis of the circuit's -- the district court or the circuit court's denial of preliminary injunction. They never reached the issue of whether or not there was disruption or what the motive was for taking away the opt-out. What they decided was that there wasn't coercion here, that there was mere exposure. I understood from the record that all that was required is that the be -- books be put on the bookshelf. If that's all that's required, is that coercion?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, that's not what's required here. We know it's undisputed --

Justice Sotomayor: Please answer my question.

Eric S. Baxter: If -- if all that's Official 1 required is exposure, in our clients are not contesting that that would be -- are not saying that would be a burden in that case.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Then let's go to the second step. Let's see -- let's say there's compulsion to read the book out loud. Is merely being exposed to the reading of book -- of the book out loud coercion?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, even the Board admits that some -- that exposure could be a burden. And, for example, they say at 25 Note 7 of their brief that if they were exposed to pictures of Muhammad, that that would be a burden that they would allow an opt-out for. And, certainly, whether there's a burden will always depend --

Justice Sotomayor: Let's go back. Is it generally that the mere exposure -- haven't we made very clear that the mere exposure to things that you object to is not coercion?

Eric S. Baxter: It would really depend on the individual religious beliefs. Here, for example, our Catholic clients --

Justice Sotomayor: So what you're saying is that the exposure of children to the Official 1 fact that two people are getting married is coercion? That two people of the same sex -- are getting married is coercion?

Eric S. Baxter: So our clients have not raised that objection. I suppose someone --

Justice Sotomayor: So then let's --

Eric S. Baxter: -- could raise that, but --

Justice Sotomayor: -- let's talk about what in the portrayals so that the mere reading or looking at the pictures, like looking at an image of Muhammad, would be coercion, because I'm looking at the books. I've looked through all of them. They have two men, Little Bob's -- Bobby's Wedding, where they're getting married. One is black and one is white in this rendition of the book. I had one with mice -- the two male mice looked identical to me. Is looking at two men getting married -- is that the religious objection?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, it would depend on the individual beliefs of the clients. For example, many parents would object to their child being exposed to something like pornography or extreme violence. Official

Justice Sotomayor: I --

Eric S. Baxter: It would vary from -- from --

Justice Sotomayor: We're not going there, counsel.

Justice Kagan: So, Mr. Baxter -- I'm sorry.

Justice Sotomayor: I'm sorry. Let me just finish this line.

Justice Kagan: Sure.

Justice Sotomayor: So just answer my question. Is looking at the pictures -- is there any affidavit from any parent that merely looking at people getting married, holding hands -- none of them are even kissing in any of these books; the most they're doing is holding hands -- that mere exposure to that is coercion?

Eric S. Baxter: Our parents would object to that. They follow --

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Now -- so let's move to what I think your objection is. I think your objection is to the student guidance, correct?

Eric S. Baxter: Our objections would be even to reading books that violate our -- our Official 1 clients' religious beliefs. They've been -- their -- their faith teaches, for example, they shouldn't be exposed to information about sex during their in -- years of innocence without being accompanied by moral principles. And, here, we have both books that violate their moral principles and instruction that tells them that, for example, they can pick their pronouns based on the way they feel, not even just for -- based on their gender but how they feel from moment to moment.

Justice Alito: But, Mr. Baxter --

Justice Kagan: But, Mr. Baxter --

Justice Alito: -- before we -- before we move away from the book that Justice Sotomayor was referring to, Uncle Bobby's Wedding, I've read the -- that book as well as a lot of these other books. Do you think it's fair to say that all that is done in Uncle Bobby's Wedding is to expose children to the fact that there are men who marry other men?

Eric S. Baxter: No, Your Honor. And this Court in Obergefell promised that parents would be able to continue to teach what this car -- Court called decent and honorable beliefs, that Official 1 same sex marriage is immoral according to their beliefs. And it's a far stretch from that for schools to compel students to attend. Parents are paying taxes that they have to pay at threat of -- of criminal fines or penalties or the expense of private school. And then to have teachers telling them things that are directly contrary to their religious beliefs or outside their beliefs --

Justice Alito: Yeah, the book has -- the book has a clear message, and a lot of people think it's a good message, and maybe it is a good message, but it's a message that a lot of people who hold on to traditional religious beliefs don't agree with. I don't think anybody can read that and say, well, this is just telling children that there are occasions when men marry other men -- Uncle Bobby gets married to his boyfriend, Jamie, and everybody's happy and everything is -- you know, it portrays this -- everyone accepts this except for the little girl, Chloe, who has reservations about it. But her mother corrects her: No, you shouldn't have Official 1 any reservations about this. As I said, it has a clear moral message. There may be --

Justice Sotomayor: Wait a minute. The reservation is about --

Justice Alito: Can I finish, please?

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel. Yeah.

Justice Alito: It has a clear moral message. And it may be a good message. It's just a message that a lot of religious people disagree with.

Eric S. Baxter: And when you add to that, Your Honor, instruction that if -- if a student disagrees, teachers are supposed to say things like: Well, I have friends in that situation, do you think it's really fair for you to agree or to suggest that it's hurtful for students who disagree, and that --

Justice Kagan: Mr. Baxter, I -- I -- I guess I'm interested in what the nature of the rule you're asking for is. I mean, when you started, it was -- it was about, you know, matters pertaining to sex. But, as you've answered some of these Official 1 questions, you've basically said: Well, you know, my clients have religious principles that conflict with what is being taught. And -- is -- does it go that far? In other words, you know, does it matter what the subject matter is? Does it matter what the age of the child is? Does it matter what the nature of the instruction is? If so, how does it matter? Or, in the end, is what you're saying: When a religious person confronts anything in a classroom that conflicts with her religious beliefs or her parents' that -- that the parent can then demand an opt-out?

Eric S. Baxter: It's really the latter, Your Honor. And that's exactly what Montgomery County allowed in its own religious diversity guidelines. Anything that violated a student's -- or imposed a substantial burden, in their language, on a student's religious or parent's religious beliefs, they had the right to opt out. And that was --

Justice Kagan: So this is a rule that applies as well to a 16-year-old in biology class saying, you know, I don't -- you know, the Official 1 parents say: I don't want my child to be there for the classes on evolution or on other biological matters which conflict with my religion? It would apply just as well to that?

Eric S. Baxter: We know that those don't happen very often because countries -- or schools --

Justice Kagan: But it would if there were?

Eric S. Baxter: Certainly. And schools have -- there are laws, for example, in states that allow students to opt out of dissection because they don't want to participate in that. And there are schools that allow -- there are schools across the country -- Hawaii, which has a school district about the same size as Montgomery County, which allows --

Justice Kagan: And if that's the -- if -- so that's a pretty broad rule. If that's the -- let me ask what the next step of that is. Suppose there are things that, you know, students opt out of, and then, you know, the parents think it's just not really fair that my student -- that my kid has to leave the classroom or has to put on, you know, headphones Official 1 or, you know, has to otherwise be made to feel isolated. So the next challenge is really the class can't do this either. Would -- what -- what would your position be on that?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, no student, Your Honor, has the right to tell the school what to teach or to tell other students what they have to learn. You would clearly run into problems in that situation where --

Justice Kagan: But, to the extent that this is a rule about people being able to access public education in a sort of equal manner, the parent might say: My child is not being able to access education in that equal manner because, you know, he's made to leave the classroom or he's made to, you know, do something else that isolates him from the class. I mean, certainly, that's an argument that we've often heard with respect to prayer and that people have accepted with respect to prayer -- accepted with respect to prayer, that it's kind of like not a sufficient answer to just say: Don't worry, the prayer can go on, you don't have to be part of it. Official 1 So I'm just wondering whether that's the next step here.

Eric S. Baxter: No, Your Honor, I don't think so, because the -- of course, under the Establishment Clause, there are different rules, but under the Free Exercise Clause, we think that the -- on strict scrutiny, those parents would -- would always lose if they're trying to direct the school what to teach or tell other students what they must teach. We know also that these --

Justice Kagan: Okay. But you are suggesting -- okay. So that's a -- that's a -- a -- a straightforward answer. I appreciate that. But just to go back -- and this was also a straightforward answer, which I appreciate. But, in terms of opt-out, you're basically saying opt out for anything. It's -- it's really the parents that get to decide -- you know, assuming that their beliefs are sincere, right, it's really the parent that gets to decide. It doesn't matter the kid's age, doesn't matter sex, not sex. Doesn't -- doesn't really matter this whole idea, I suppose, of Official 1 pressure or coercion. You know, if, like, just looking at a book would be in conflict with religious principles, that would be enough?

Eric S. Baxter: Well -- I would -- just to be clear, under Yoder, the Court left open what would happen if there were kids who objected. But we know that these things -- you know, schools around the country already have these very broad opt-out policies across the curriculum: in Hawaii for anything controversial; in Arizona for anything that parents find -- deem harmful. And we just don't find these kinds of cases or these kinds of burdens where -- parents are bringing extreme examples. You know, parents with kids really don't have a lot of time to be suing the school board, and they're looking for a reasonable compromise.

Justice Sotomayor: I'm sorry, I -- I have a whole list of cases where parents have objected to "biographical" -- I'm quoting -- "biographical material about women who have been recognized for achievements outside of their home" because some people believe women should Official 1 not work. So too parents have objected to teachers reading books featuring divorce, interfaith marriage, or immodest dress. Forget about the evolution because that's come too, you've -- just said. Are these all coercive?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, again, it's whether they -- whatever "coercive" means, they do -- they do -- could create a burden. This Court has defined "burden" very simply that if someone is trying to exercise a sincere religious belief and the government is prohibiting or inhibiting their ability to exercise, that creates a burden.

Justice Sotomayor: So say if someone's prohibiting just looking at something that they object to, that that's burdening their religion?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, we don't see these cases arise in -- in reality. And -- and --

Justice Sotomayor: For reality's sake, you see interfaith couples all the time walking around. You see interracial couples walking -- walking around. You see women on Official 1 this Court in positions of work outside the home.

Eric S. Baxter: And no one here is raising a -- a -- a burden in that situation. We're far beyond that where our indoctrination --

Justice Sotomayor: But people are in -- but there are cases to that effect in schools.

Eric S. Baxter: And those cases, you know, in --

Justice Sotomayor: So tell me where you're going to draw the line --

Eric S. Baxter: The --

Justice Sotomayor: -- other than saying that if anyone objects to a book -- well, you want more than that because the request here is to instruct the school to tell you its curricula, to guess at what you might find offensive, and then let you opt out, because that's the injunction you're asking for, isn't it? You're asking for the ability for schools to provide you with information about what's being taught and, if you object to it on religious grounds, to opt out. Official

Eric S. Baxter: Your Honor, I see my light is on. May I answer the question?

Chief Justice Roberts: You may, yes.

Eric S. Baxter: Your Honor, even under Yoder -- without Yoder, under a Smith regime, in, here, those things would trigger strict scrutiny. If you're in a regime where there's direct discrimination, like we have here -- we have students who are being told that they can opt out for certain religious reasons but not other religious reasons -- then that's always going to get you to strict scrutiny.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. As far as simply looking at something -- looking at the image of Muhammad is a serious matter for someone whose -- follows that faith, right?

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct, Your Honor. And Barnette already helps -- provides some guidance on this, that forcing people to do things that directly violate their -- their faith violates the -- the Free Exercise Clause.

Chief Justice Roberts: I don't know Official 1 how often it comes up in the schools, but our religious -- our religion clause jurisprudence does have the element of sincerity.

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct. There has to be a religious belief. It can't be just something that you disagree with for political or philosophical reasons. It must be sincere. There's also a substantiality requirement that depends on the -- objective pressure that the government's putting on you. All of those things provide a -- a significant screen. And just we know from history, from common sense and looking at what's happened in schools that have these broad opt-out policies, like Montgomery County itself had prior to this lawsuit, anything that violated your -- your beliefs, you could opt out, and we didn't see these kinds of -- and when they have come up, courts have dealt with them in reasonable ways.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Justice Thomas?

Justice Thomas: I think you mentioned Yoder a couple of times. Would you spend a Official 1 minute on how you -- Yoder would -- role it would play in your -- in our analysis or should play?

Eric S. Baxter: Thank you, Your Honor. Yoder looked in significant part at the coerce -- unique coercive environment of the public schools. It referred to the hydraulic insistence on conformity that you find in schools and removing parent -- children from their parents for eight hours a day. Here, we have a situation that's even more egregious than in Yoder, where you have children of an extremely young age being indoctrinated in a topic that's known to be sensitive -- every school in the country allows opt-outs since sex ed has been introduced -- unique because of its capacity to evoke curiosity in children, and -- a curriculum that's designed to disrupt students' either/or thinking on -- on sexuality and gender identity. In Yoder, you had incidental encounters with values that were contrary to those of the Amish. And so, in many ways, this case is easier than Yoder.

Justice Thomas: Whose interests are Official 1 we concerned with here? Is it the interests of the children, or is it the interests of the parents?

Eric S. Baxter: Thank you, Your Honor. We have named children, but -- for the preliminary injunction, which, again, was filed two years ago, we have raised the -- the rights of the parents.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Alito?

Justice Alito: You've made a very broad argument here at times, and it might be good, it might not be good, but let's focus on what's actually at issue in this particular case. What are the ages of the children who are involved here?

Eric S. Baxter: These books were approved for pre-K, which in Montgomery County can start as early as 3 if they're going to turn 4 that fall.

Justice Alito: And it goes up to what?

Eric S. Baxter: The -- the books that we've all talked about go through grade 6.

Justice Alito: All right. So you're Official 1 talking about children maybe in the age of 5 to 11 or 4 to 11. Now would you agree that at a certain age -- at that -- at a certain age, students are capable of understanding this point, which probably is not a point that can be understood by a four- or five-year old, and that is that my teacher, who is generally telling me that certain things are right and that certain things are wrong, isn't necessarily going to be correct on everything? It is possible for me to disagree with him or her on certain subjects? Would you agree that there comes a point when a student is able to make that distinction?

Eric S. Baxter: That's right. And many of our clients' objections would be diminished as their children got older. But, here, we're in a situation where Montgomery County's own principals objected that these books were inappropriate for the age, that they were dismissive of religion and shaming toward children who disagree. The Board itself withdrew two of the books for what it said were content concerns because it finally agreed that what parents and petition -- and its own principals were saying was accurate. Official

Justice Alito: Yeah. And one final factor that may distinguish this particular case from some of the others that you have -- been asked to express a view about, an -- and you did touch on this, is the fact that it concerns sex and -- and gender and that the -- the Maryland legislature itself has recognized these subjects raise special concerns and has provided for an opt-out from the health classes where these matters are discussed.

Eric S. Baxter: That's right. And, currently, from -- in Montgomery County, you can opt out from the very same instruction during health class, but then you're required to stay during -- during story time.

Justice Alito: All right. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Sotomayor?

Justice Sotomayor: Counsel, a couple of questions to clarify things. Uncle Bob's Wedding, the character, the child character, wasn't objecting to same-sex marriage. She was objecting to the fact that marriage would take her uncle away from spending more time with her, correct? Official

Eric S. Baxter: Again, it would be -- you know, courts would be engaged in religious discrimination entanglement if they --

Justice Sotomayor: I'm asking you to answer my question. It wasn't that she was objecting to gay marriage qua gay marriage, period. She was objecting to having her uncle's time taken by someone else?

Eric S. Baxter: I'm not sure that's correct, Your Honor. I think, for a child of that age --

Justice Sotomayor: Then now we -- now --

Eric S. Baxter: -- it's hard to express what their actual concerns are.

Justice Sotomayor: Well, when the character says "he'll have less time for me," it seems self-evident, isn't it?

Eric S. Baxter: You know, Your Honor, I -- again, Montgomery County's own principals objected to this --

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Now let's go back to this question of age, okay, and -- and what teachers are saying or not saying. Official 1 Do you want a special rule for children between kindergarten and sixth grade?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, if the Court wanted to go there, that certainly would make common sense. Parents everywhere know that children are especially vulnerable when exposed --

Justice Sotomayor: Where in our case law would you see that as just mere age is coercion -- exposure is mere coercion of a certain age?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, this Court has frequently -- you know, recognized that, for example, children lack the maturity to make decisions to discern sometimes between truth and error, to weigh what their parents are saying versus what their teachers are saying.

Justice Sotomayor: So, if some of this objection -- you said you don't have an objection to showing an interracial marriage. You don't have an objection qua objection to merely gay couples -- shown to -- to marrying as long as you don't have approval of that? Is that what you would object to?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, Your Honor, again, it would depend on the individual's beliefs. Official 1 And this Court has already held, for example, in Bob Jones that the burden --

Justice Sotomayor: So, if none of the -- all of the parents -- many of the affidavits that the parents put here said they don't mind teaching respect and kindness towards people who are different. The objections appear to be with some of the teacher instructions, the ones having to do with altering the mind-set of children or the ones talking about gender being a guess at birth. Those were the things that I saw the parents objecting to.

Eric S. Baxter: The parents object to the books and to the instructions. There's no question that together --

Justice Sotomayor: We can look at the record --

Eric S. Baxter: -- and even separately the books go to indoctrination more than exposure.

Justice Sotomayor: We can look to the record for that, correct?

Eric S. Baxter: I'm sorry?

Justice Sotomayor: We can look to the record for it? Official

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kagan?

Justice Kagan: I want to take you back to some of the questions that Justice Alito was asking because I too was struck by these are, you know, young kids' picture books, and on matters concerning sexuality, I suspect there are a lot of non-religious parents who weren't all that thrilled about this, and then you, you know, add in religion, and -- and that's -- you know, even more serious. But I guess I'm searching for what in your legal arguments would allow us to draw lines in this area, and I'm -- I'm -- I'm kind of not finding it from what you were saying to me in our earlier -- or -- or what you said to Justice Alito because, when Justice Alito said how about that 17-year-old, you said, well, many parents' objections would decrease. But that still indicates that if that -- if a parent said no even with respect to that 17-year-old, I still care about this, I want an opt-out, you're not giving anything that Official 1 would allow lines to be drawn. And I'm just curious if you think lines can be drawn and where they would be drawn and on the basis of what First Amendment doctrine they would be drawn.

Eric S. Baxter: We think there are lines that can be drawn there, the same lines that this Court has drawn in every other free exercise case. And the burden -- a -- a plaintiff has to show that its beliefs are religious, that they are sincere, they have -- there has to be a -- substantial infringement and -- or burden or pressure. And then, on the strict scrutiny side, there are also --

Justice Kagan: But I'm -- I'm -- I'm hearing you saying that the burden that you're saying -- and, of course, we're just assuming that all these people have sincere religious beliefs. Let's just assume that. But what I'm hearing you saying is the burden is basically up to the parent to decide this conflicts with my religious beliefs, I want an opt-out. Is that correct?

Eric S. Baxter: Yes. And on the Sherbert Official 1 side, under strict scrutiny, they would have to first show that there is a -- a law that's not neutral or generally applicable, so there's a limit there. And on the Yoder side, if this Court didn't want to go all the way to address the issues that aren't present in this case, it could rely on the uniquely coercive environment of the -- environment of the schools. And now putting those kinds of issues --

Justice Kagan: Okay. So those --

Eric S. Baxter: -- on the burden side --

Justice Kagan: -- those still, it's like just pretty -- I mean, you're -- I'm -- I'm really searching for something, and I can -- I know that you realize that, and you're still not giving me anything other than, if it's in a school and a sincere religious parent has an objection, that objection is always going to result in an opt-out --

Eric S. Baxter: That's the first --

Justice Kagan: -- no matter how -- what -- no matter what the instruction is like, no matter what the materials are, no matter how Official 1 old the kids are.

Eric S. Baxter: And that's the rule that schools everywhere in the country are -- are -- are working under right now. By their own choice, there -- that was Montgomery County's own rule before this lawsuit came in. And there were never these kinds of problems until it really introduced a doc -- a curriculum that was clearly indoctrinating students in -- in things that the principal said was introducing things as fact that aren't fact.

Justice Kagan: Yeah, but once we articulate a rule like that, you're going to have a lot of parents, it seems to me -- I -- I don't think you can say just because it hasn't happened, once we say something like what you're asking us to say --

Eric S. Baxter: Well --

Justice Kagan: -- it'll be like, you know, opt-outs for everyone.

Eric S. Baxter: Well, certainly, the government always wants to put these things on the burden side instead of the strict scrutiny side. We heard these arguments in Hobby Official 1 Lobby, where there was a lot of concerns about what would happen, in O Centro, what would happen with drugs. And -- and, in reality, we didn't see those kinds of -- of floods happen -- and when they have, the courts have managed to deal with them without any significant difficulty.

Justice Kagan: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Gorsuch?

Justice Gorsuch: You've spoken a little bit about Yoder today. I'd like you -- hear your thoughts about the Smith side of the argument and the Fourth Circuit's suggestion -- I think it's a fair reading of the footnote but maybe not -- I'd like both sides to think about this -- whether, if -- if you fail Smith's neutral and generally applicable rule, whether a plaintiff still has to show a substantial burden or whether you go straight to strict scrutiny.

Eric S. Baxter: I think you would just have to go -- I mean, I think, at that point, if you've shown lack of neutrality and general applicability, you would still have to have an injury, maybe something -- Official

Justice Gorsuch: For constitutional Article III purposes?

Eric S. Baxter: Con -- exactly.

Justice Gorsuch: But do you have to show a substantial burden, or is -- is that law that is not neutral, that discriminates against religion auto -- go -- does that go straight to strict --

Eric S. Baxter: I think the standing injury would be sufficient, and here's an example why. If you look at the Board's, for example, revised diversity guidelines, they try to draw a line between curricular activities and extracurricular activities. Yet they also say -- and this is at 674 of the appendix -- that you can opt out of in choir or band if you object to the religious songs, even -- and if -- is that curricular or extracurricular? On -- they also say on the extracurricular side you can opt out from things like Valentine's Day if you don't like the religious overtones of that holiday. But, when the -- when Sherwood Elementary School announced that it was going to Official 1 read one book of the inclusivity books every day in June for the month of moon -- for the month of June to celebrate Pride Month, you couldn't opt out. So there's this discrimination where you get -- some religious reasons get opted out, some don't. There is these labels about curricular, extracurricular, English and language arts versus health. But, in the end, it's the same -- the same thing, and some students are getting opt-outs, and that -- and some aren't. That discrimination alone is a burden that gets us to strict scrutiny.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kavanaugh?

Justice Kavanaugh: A few questions. What's your understanding of how the surrounding counties are dealing with this, Frederick County, Howard County, Prince George's County, Anne Arundel County, and the like?

Eric S. Baxter: Yeah, Carroll County, for example, has taken the position that it will teach inclusivity without indoctrinating students. And so it's not introducing inform -- this ideology -- extreme ideology about gender, Official 1 whether your body says anything about your gender, whether doctors guessed at your sex, whether your pronouns change day to day based on the weather or not, whether you should petition for, you know -- you know, unisex bathrooms. It's -- it's teaching inclusivity without those -- that indoctrination. And -- and our clients agree, every student deserves to be respected and loved, and -- and nobody disagrees with that. But you don't do that by forcing others -- in fact, religion is another one of the categories in the equity regulation that is required to be respected. The principals, when they first respond to this -- this curriculum, their concern was for the religious students, that they were going to be dismissed and shamed for their beliefs.

Justice Kavanaugh: And I think you just said this, but you're not seeking to prohibit instruction in the classroom, you're just seeking not to be forced to participate in that instruction?

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct. Official

Justice Kavanaugh: The term "coercive," I think, has been used in some of the colloquy, but the right term is "burden," isn't that correct?

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct, Your Honor. And -- and if you think about their example of saying, like, the court -- the Fourth Circuit said that, you know, the students were never asked to change their religious beliefs. Is it enough if you just ask them: Will you change your religious beliefs? Or does there have to be something more? I mean, that is really a -- not a workable standard. And I -- you know, schools should not be treated differently than any other government entity as far as what their obligation is. And it somewhat flips the Bill of Rights on its head if we're worried more about extreme examples that don't happen to protect the government from the parents as opposed to parent -- protecting the parents' fundamental rights to direct the religious upbringing of their children.

Justice Kavanaugh: And then, in terms of sincerity, in other words, if you're lying about your religious belief, that can be Official 1 inquired -- into, but not the legitimacy, the reasonableness, the acceptability, the consistency. None of that -- a court has no business questioning any of that about someone's religious beliefs as I understand our case law.

Eric S. Baxter: That's right, Your Honor. In this case, again, the fact that the Board has admitted that they would give opt-outs to Muslims who object to their children viewing an image of the Prophet Muhammad but not our Muslim clients who object to their students reading these books shows that that kind of analysis would entangle courts in religious questions and invite religious discrimination.

Justice Kavanaugh: And then I guess I am a bit mystified as a life-long resident of the county how it came to this. Can you just tell us what happened when -- in March of '23, you know, what -- what happened in terms of the objections and how the School Board responded to give us a little bit --

Eric S. Baxter: Well, I share your concern. My kids graduated -- two of my kids graduated from MoCo and were opted out when Official 1 they -- when they asked on their own accord to opt out of some instruction on -- on sex education. And what happened is -- we're not even entirely sure because, for the entire first year, the Board promised in multiple places, on -- on Fox News and other media, that parents would be -- be notified and then they would be opted out. The last notice happened on March 22, 2023. The very next day, overnight, with no explanation, the Board came out and said: We're changing the rule because we -- because we want every -- all students to be instructed on inclusivity. That's at 547 in the appendix, that emphasis on all students have to receive this instruction, nothing about administrability. And then, from there on -- even then, they said: If we've already told you you can opt out, we'll let you do that, but new -- more parents can't ask. And then it wasn't until later in the year when they actually revised their guidelines, which still allow certain religious Official 1 opt-outs and just not others. So this was clearly targeted at religious parents objecting --

Justice Kavanaugh: But then complaints were raised, right?

Eric S. Baxter: That's right. Hundreds of parents -- complained. These were mostly -- according to news articles, mostly families from Muslim -- faith and -- Ethiopian Orthodox who were objecting. When they -- when they spoke to the Board, the Board accused them of using their religious beliefs as another reason to hate, accused a young Muslim girl of -- of parroting her parents' dogma, and then accused the parents of aligning with racist xenophobes and white supremacists. And so, again, in -- there's no question in this case that there is a burden, that it was imposed with animosity, and that it's discriminating against our clients because of their religious beliefs.

Justice Kavanaugh: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Barrett? Official

Justice Barrett: So, counsel, we've talked a lot about burden, and I'd like to get a definition. So Justice Sotomayor's questions, I think, track what the Fourth Circuit said, which is that compulsion is required. That's not your position, that compulsion is too far, right? So can you precisely define for me what it means to have a burden?

Eric S. Baxter: Yes. I think there's three main ways this Court has reviewed that. Under Yoder, it would be: Is there substantial interference with the parents' ability to direct the religious upbringing of their children? We think we've shown that here. Under cases like Sherbert that have continued through to Fulton, it's: Are the parents being pressured to abandon or modify their religious beliefs in order to access a -- a public benefit, like public education? And then I think we also have what I think Justice Gorsuch may have been suggesting, just if there's straight-up discrimination, where some religious students are opted out and Official 1 others aren't, then that itself would also be a burden. And I think we satisfy any one of those tests.

Justice Barrett: Okay. I have questions for you about those tests, but I'm going to bracket them to just follow up on the burden question. Substantial interference from Yoder, so would you say you could root it in that because it's rooted in the case? Is it somehow rooted in the definition of "prohibit" in the First Amendment? Because it seems to me that, you know, the questions that you're getting are about line drawing. I mean, Justice Kagan was making this point. And one place where some of that line drawing might happen is in the definition of "burden." So I think the definition of "burden" is important, and, really, that's the -- the main thing that's before us. The question of whether you get an op-out -- opt-out really goes to the Smith analysis or strict scrutiny under Yoder. We don't even have to decide that, Official 1 right? We don't have to decide whether you get the opt-out. We just have to decide if the Fourth Circuit accurately defined what a burden is.

Eric S. Baxter: I mean, the Court doesn't have to, it's true. I think there are multiple reasons why this Court should.

Justice Barrett: I know you want us to. But we don't have to.

Eric S. Baxter: Correct.

Justice Barrett: Really, what we have to do is nail down what it means to burden the right, right?

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct.

Justice Barrett: Okay. So unreasonable interference, and you would root that primarily in -- in Yoder for that strain of the doctrine?

Eric S. Baxter: Correct.

Justice Barrett: Okay. Now what kind of a claim are you bringing? Are you bringing a hybrid rights claim for purposes of Yoder? Are you kind of bringing all of them, like a straight-up free exercise claim, a Smith claim? I mean, it's a little bit hard to pin down. Official

Eric S. Baxter: Yeah, I think we're bringing all of them. We think, in Smith, the Court said that Yoder fell outside of its rule. Excuse me. And -- and so we think that that's a separate track. And whatever -- whatever the Court meant by hybrid rights or other rights that were at issue in -- in Yoder, we have those same here, however you define that. This is almost exactly the same situation where parents are concerned about what their children are being taught in the highly coercive environment of the public schools. And -- and, here, we have even more egregiously the curriculum designed -- the Board said, when you select these books, we want you to select books that will disrupt cis-normativity, disrupt hetero-normativity. And so we think that whatever -- whatever Smith meant by hybrid rights that were -- may have been at issue in -- in Yoder, we -- we meet that definition.

Justice Barrett: Do we have to embrace the hybrid rights theory in order to -- to analyze your claim or your -- your definition of burden for purposes of Yoder? Do we have to say Yoder is about hybrid rights and -- and this Official 1 is why you satisfy that definition?

Eric S. Baxter: I don't think so, Your Honor. This Court, as recently as in Espinoza, recognized Yoder as a case being about the free exercise right of parents. The questions presented in Yoder were all about free exercise. And so I don't think that any side statements that were made in Smith have to govern how this Court treats that rule here.

Justice Barrett: Okay. And now let me ask you about the burden in this case. So there's been a lot of talk about exposure. The Fourth Circuit said this is just about exposure. You've pointed out, you know, that in cases like, you know, IntersectionAllies, there's actually in the book -- you know, it -- it presents a world view, right?

Eric S. Baxter: And it says let's disrupt the norms, that book.

Justice Barrett: Let's disrupt the norms. And -- and -- and many of the books, it's not just pictures; it's actually the text is -- you know, it's -- it's talking about there are not just two genders, embracing, you know, Official 1 non-binary and -- and pronouns, et cetera. So that's exposure, though, to those ideas. It's not just exposure to the pictures of, you know, the two men getting married. It's exposure to the ideas.

Eric S. Baxter: That's correct.

Justice Barrett: But, to clarify, what are your clients objecting to? Are they objecting only to exposure, or are they objecting to what they're calling indoctrination?

Eric S. Baxter: If, by exposure, you mean having the books read to them, they do object to that. They're not objecting to the books being on the shelf or available in the library without a teacher requiring them to read it or reading it to them.

Justice Barrett: So you would not be making the same claim based on your clients' religious beliefs if they were just on the shelves or just in the library?

Eric S. Baxter: Correct.

Justice Barrett: Could another parent bring that claim?

Eric S. Baxter: I -- I suppose they Official 1 could, but then you would -- I mean, again, we don't see these kinds of claims happening, but they would almost certainly lose because it would -- it would -- strict scrutiny would easily be satisfied if every student were allowed to say I want this book or not that book. I mean, no -- no student has the right to tell the school which books to choose or what curriculum to teach or what other students will have to learn. And so we think that would easily -- those would easily fail under strict scrutiny.

Justice Barrett: Okay. So it's not about exposure. It's not about books on the shelf. It's not about books in the library. It's about actually reading the books with the text that communicates the ideas that are contrary to your clients' sincerely held religious beliefs?

Eric S. Baxter: Right. Their beliefs -- they follow, for example, the papal exhortation under Familiaris Consortio that they shouldn't expose their children during their -- during their innocent years to instruction on sex that's disconnected or disassociated from moral Official 1 principles. And so that's -- that's what they're and -- and, you know, the Mahmoud family, they also have an objection to any kind of discussion for young children outside of their family circle, as do many families, as the Court's noted.

Justice Barrett: Okay. And so I -- I want to talk about the public benefit analysis. So the government frames this in terms of a public education as a public benefit, and your friends on the other side do too. And I'm just trying to figure out if that's the right way to think about this because, in Maryland, you're compelled to send your children to public schools, and it's a misdemeanor if you don't and you're fined if you don't. And it's true that the statute gives you an exemption to that compulsion if you choose home-schooling or private school and, you know, what is it, like, thorough and comparable --

Eric S. Baxter: Right.

Justice Barrett: -- instruction? But this isn't like a public benefit like we apply for, you know, rubber tires for Official 1 our playground or, you know, we apply for a license to engage in some kind of activity. There's actually a compulsion here. So is public benefit the right way to think about this?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, I think, if you -- if the Court does think about it in that context, it's a much more valuable benefit than just getting access to rubber tires or some of the other things this Court has found burdened religion. And so -- but also, I think the coercive element is -- is adequate for this Court to reach a conclusion in favor of my client.

Justice Barrett: Well, which way do you think it fits better? I mean, you're compelled to -- send your child to public school on pain of fine unless you take advantage of an exemption. So it's just hard for me to see how it's a public benefit in the same way that some of our cases have talked about public benefit. So which model -- I mean, I understand you don't want to disclaim public benefit, but which way do you think it fits best?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, I think, certainly, Official 1 bar -- the Barnette example is a very good example of where you're actually compelling children to do things that are against their beliefs, and I think that would be a -- that's a very fitting model for this case.

Justice Barrett: Okay. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Jackson?

Justice Jackson: So I guess I -- your colloquy with Justice Barrett makes me wonder whether this case is really the right vehicle to evaluate any of these issues. I mean, how can we say that you meet any definition of the burdens -- Justice Barrett went over several different versions of them -- when we don't even know how these books are actually being used in the classroom? I mean, this was what I understood the Fourth Circuit's primary holding to be, that the record is thread-bare. It contains no information about how any teacher or school employee has actually used any of the books or what any child has been taught in conjunction with their use. And it seems that aspects of your argument are turning on whether the books are Official 1 just on the shelves or whether students are being taught. And so why wouldn't we wait until we have a record regarding those things before we make any legal pronouncements about what's happening in this case?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, two responses, Your Honor. First, this is a preliminary injunction, but if you think about the case, for example, Brown versus, you know, Hot, Sexy, and Safe, is that -- and I don't even want to describe what happened in that case, but should that kind of graphic sex simulation between -- with a student --

Justice Jackson: No. I -- I -- but --

Eric S. Baxter: -- and a teacher have to happen before you bring a claim?

Justice Jackson: But I need you to focus on my question. You -- this is a -- this is a preliminary injunction. I appreciate that. When you seek a preliminary injunction, you actually have to have a factual record that is the basis for the court to make a determination in your favor that some conduct that you're complaining about needs to be enjoined. Official 1 And what's confusing to me and hard, really hard, in this situation is that we have a lot of sincerely held beliefs and concerns and children and principals, and I see all of those things and so really want to be careful about making the pronouncement that relates to this. I don't understand how we can do it on this record because we can't know -- we don't -- we don't at this moment, based on the record you've provided, know that these books aren't just sitting on the shelves. And you've said that if that's the case, that's not going to be enough.

Eric S. Baxter: I disagree, Your Honor. The record is undisputed. And I again will refer you to the district court transcript at 63, where counsel said that --

Justice Jackson: So you're saying the Fourth Circuit is wrong when it says, "We don't have any information about how any teacher or school employee has actually used any of the books?"

Eric S. Baxter: The -- the -- the -- the court of appeals did not dispute that some of the books have to be used. And we have all -- Official

Justice Jackson: No, I understand that. I --

Eric S. Baxter: -- of the teachers' instructions that the Board's not disputed.

Justice Jackson: I understand that, but the Fourth Circuit made a ruling that we don't know "what any child has been taught in conjunction with their use." So are you saying that you do have affidavits and information about teachers in the classroom and what they've taught children of different ages about these books?

Eric S. Baxter: Yes, we do. The -- all of our clients have -- in their declarations, they describe which books are going to be read to their children and why they asked it --

Justice Jackson: Were the clients in the classroom?

Eric S. Baxter: They were not in the classroom, but they know we -- in the end, we don't have to wait until the injury has happened to get relief. The point of a preliminary injunction is that we can -- when -- when the injury is imminent, we can seek relief --

Justice Jackson: All right. Let me Official 1 ask you another --

Eric S. Baxter: -- to stop it from happening before our children's innocence is destroyed.

Justice Jackson: Let me ask you -- let me ask you another series of questions because I'm just trying to understand the implications of the rule that you want us to reach on this record where we -- we're not really sure what's going on. Is your argument actually confined to the content of the school's curriculum? I mean, I appreciate that you say we're in the public school, this is a uniquely coercive environment, but what -- what if we have a teacher who is gay and has a photo of a wedding on her desk? Is a parent able or could they opt out of having their student be in that classroom?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, we think no because the student -- you know, the student may have a -- may claim a burden and that -- but the -- on the question of -- the student doesn't have the right to tell a teacher what to say. The teacher has speech rights that would go again to all those things -- Official

Justice Jackson: But I guess I don't understand that given your argument. I mean, so, you know, Example 1, we have a gay teacher in the classroom and they have a -- a -- a wedding photo on their desk, and the children are exposed then to the same kinds of picture that you say is in the book that you don't want children to be exposed to. What -- what about the parent -- the teacher showing pictures from the wedding or the teacher goes off to get married and comes back and talks about their spouse? Do we have opt-out provisions for children in that situation?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, we think the same rules would apply. And if you were in a system where --

Justice Jackson: The same rules would apply. So this is not just about books. This is about exposure to people of different sexual orientations and the objection, the sincerely held objection, that children shouldn't be exposed to this?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, our clients are not raising those. And we know that these kinds Official 1 of objections aren't happening. Here, the Board is imposing indoctrination on children --

Justice Jackson: What if -- what if --

Eric S. Baxter: -- that violates their religious beliefs.

Justice Jackson: -- what if a student group puts up "Love is Love" posters around the school featuring same-sex couples or trans youth? May parents what -- do parents have to have notice of this and the ability to opt their children out of going into the parts of the school where these posters are?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, we don't think that any child has the right to dictate what the school does or what other students say on campus.

Justice Jackson: No, they're not dictating. They just want an opt-out. They don't want their children walking in the --

Eric S. Baxter: We think they would lose on that -- in that situation.

Justice Jackson: Why?

Eric S. Baxter: For --

Justice Jackson: What -- what about Official 1 your principle does not also mean that if we have a section of the school with "Love is Love" posters and, you know, children who have to go through there, what about your principle says that a religious parent shouldn't be able to say: I don't want my kid walking in that part of the school?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, they would lose because the strict scrutiny analysis would favor the Board in that situation, because it would be impossible for the Board to -- have -- to satisfy every student's needs about what's on the board. Now, if you're in a situation where --

Justice Jackson: I'm sorry. It would be impossible for them to -- to actually implement an opt-out in that situation?

Eric S. Baxter: That's right. So, if -- if -- if the request, for example, is so broad, like it was in Yoder, that the only -- the only option is for the students to be removed from the school entirely, that would be then the -- least restrictive means available. And so, under normal strict scrutiny analysis, these things would sort out in favor of the schools. Official

Justice Jackson: Can I give you one more? What about a trans student in the classroom? There's a student who's in the class. Must the teacher notify the parents of the student's existence and give them an opt-out to not be in the same classroom with this child?

Eric S. Baxter: No. And we've never said that there is an independent right to be notice -- for schools to anticipate what parents might object to. But, when parents know something, there could be a sincere religious burden, but, again --

Justice Jackson: Yes, a parent knows. A parent -- the child comes home and says there is a trans -- transgender child in my classroom, and I know what you've taught me in terms of religious teachings, I object to that. Parent knows. Can a parent insist that the school --

Eric S. Baxter: Again, we think the parent --

Justice Jackson: -- allow the child to sit out?

Eric S. Baxter: Again, we think the parents would lose in that context. Official

Justice Jackson: All right. Let me ask you one other set of questions about coercion because Justice Kavanaugh points out that -- that, you know, the -- the test is burden. I had understood that the way in which this Court analyzed burden in these kinds of cases is to look to coercion. So they really aren't a separate thing. And I guess what I'm really puzzling over is that it seems to me that coercion in this context is actually operating at two different levels and that we have to kind of really focus on that in order to understand what's happening. One is to the students in the classroom, the coercion of being forced to be exposed to these kinds of materials or these kinds of things, or can they opt out. But I think there's another coercion, and you've touched on it a little bit, and that is: Assuming that there's no opt-out in this environment, are students being coerced into being in that school at all? And I think those two different ways Official 1 are really, really important. I mean, as I read our cases, we could have set up a constitutional framework in which all students are required to attend public school. They have to go to public school. And I think, in that situation, you would have a pretty strong argument that it burdens a parent's religious exercise if the public school teaches children things that contradict the parent's religious beliefs. Here I am, I'm a religious parent, I have to put my kid in this school. And when my kid goes there, it -- he's learning all sorts of things that I'm saying against my religious belief. I -- I -- I get that. But what do we do about the world that we're actually in, which is where Pierce says that the parent can choose to put their kid elsewhere, that you don't have to send your kid to public school? In that situation, I guess I'm struggling to see how it burdens a parent's religious exercise if the school teaches something that the parent disagrees with. You have a choice. You don't have to send your kid Official 1 to that school. You can put them in another situation. You can home-school them. How is it a burden on the parent if they have the option to send their kid elsewhere?

Eric S. Baxter: Well, Your Honor, the world we live in in this case is that most parents don't have that option. They have two working parents. They can't afford to send to private school.

Justice Jackson: Yes, as a matter of practicality, absolutely.

Eric S. Baxter: And that's the reality for our parents.

Justice Jackson: I understand. But, in so many other constitutional doctrines, we don't focus on whether people actually can afford to protect their rights.

Eric S. Baxter: Well, here, they're forced --

Justice Jackson: In so many other doctrines --

Eric S. Baxter: -- they're forced to pay for the public schooling.

Justice Jackson: No, I understand. Official 1 But, usually, we set aside and we say: But you still have the right to get an attorney in a civil case even if you can't afford it, right? So we don't focus on whether or not they can actually do it. They have an option. And what I guess I'm worried about is a world in which, when there is an option to send your kid somewhere else, it seems to me that these parents would be dictating what this school does in the way that you say our cases say they can't do, right?

Eric S. Baxter: In Carson versus Fulton, this Court never required coercion. The parents were already paying tuition to go to the school. In -- in -- in -- in all those cases, Lukumi, the -- the schools didn't really need tires. They weren't being coerced to do anything. This Court has always -- since Sherbert -- Adele Sherbert, Thomas, they weren't being coerced to do anything. They just were being pressured to violate the religious beliefs --

Justice Jackson: Thank you.

Eric S. Baxter: -- in order to access a Official 1 benefit that's much less value than -- education.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Ms. Harris. ORAL ARGUMENT OF SARAH M. HARRIS FOR THE UNITED STATES, AS AMICUS CURIAE, SUPPORTING THE PETITIONERS

Sarah M. Harris: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: When the government forces people to choose between violating sincerely held religious beliefs or foregoing a public benefit, that burdens religious exercise. In Fulton, offering foster care contracts only to groups that would certify same-sex couples burdened groups that believe marriage is only between a man and a woman. In Sherbert, offering unemployment benefits only to people willing to work Saturdays burdened those for whom Saturday is the Sabbath. Here, Montgomery County offers a free public education to parents only if their children use books featuring same-sex relationships and transgender issues. That Official 1 burdens parents of multiple faiths whose religious duty is to shield their young children from such content. Public schools routinely accommodate those burdens with opt-outs, which respect families of many faiths and backgrounds. Several states allow opt-outs from any learning material on religious grounds. Montgomery County allows many other opt-outs, just not here. I welcome the Court's questions.

Justice Thomas: Ms. Harris, is there any daylight between your argument and Petitioners' argument?

Sarah M. Harris: Only as a matter of emphasis. I think they're making a more varied range of arguments with respect to sort of parental rights as potentially a separate strain. Here, I think we all agree that, certainly, one framework and the framework we're advocating for is to view this as putting a price on a public benefit of public education at the expense of foregoing your religious beliefs. Petitioners agree with that. Official 1 And we agree with Petitioners that the fact that there is a long history of parents controlling the religious upbringing of their children in the school context is -- if anything, just illustrates exactly why there's an obvious burden here.

Justice Thomas: What role does Yoder play in your analysis?

Sarah M. Harris: Yoder is a textbook example of parents being forced to choose between paying a price, which is having to face -- severe sanctions, potential sanctions for not sending their children to school, or being able to exercise their faith by preserving their children -- their teenagers from being exposed to worldly influences. And, again, that was contrary to the Amish faith, which prescribed that at ages 14 and older, that's the critical time for children to be closer to home and not be exposed to the worldly influences of high school. So I think we're on all fours with Yoder. If -- you know, the idea that we're just talking about mere exposure here that is not something that would be cognizable just sort of Official 1 runs -- flat in the face of that decision.

Chief Justice Roberts: Your approach focuses on, as articulated, sincere religious beliefs. How -- how do you measure whether a belief is sincere or not?

Sarah M. Harris: Based on this Court's cases, it's whether someone is expressing their understanding of what their religion entails. Thomas, I think, is this Court's sort of canonical description of what it entails. You don't ask: Does a majority of people of your faith agree with you? You're just saying: Does someone, based on their understanding of what their religion is, believe this? And they're not lie -- you know, they're not making false representations. And I think that's how this Court has consistently applied the sincerely held religious beliefs test. And there's no question in this case that Petitioners would qualify. I don't think anyone has challenged the sincerity of their views.

Chief Justice Roberts: Is there an example in this particular case of a articulated religious belief being rejected as insincere? Official

Sarah M. Harris: In this particular case? No, I don't -- I don't think there is an example of that.

Justice Gorsuch: Ms. Harris, you -- you've heard the discussion so far, and it's focused in part on what qualifies as a substantial burden. At one end, you know, you might imagine a book being in the library. At the extreme other end, you might imagine a teacher coercing a student to write a -- a -- a certain passage or do a certain thing that's contrary to their religious beliefs. Where -- where in that spectrum do you fall?

Sarah M. Harris: We might not even fall in the spectrum because I think the question is not: Are you objectively looking at the world and asking how does a child of a particular age or outlook feel about a particular encounter with a teacher or particular material? It is, in the first instance, do parents have a sincerely held religious belief that their faith obligates them to shield children from particular material? And I think Official 1 that's important because, if you take the opposite approach and say, you know, people should get in the business of thinking about are four-year-olds more susceptible, are 16-year-olds sort of insulated, you start slicing and dicing among different faiths. You say that faiths that believe that four-year-olds must be shielded might have a better right or better -- better -- free exercise right than the Amish, who believe, for instance, that it's actually 14 that matters for their faith to shield people. And so I think that the concern with -- religious discrimination is really, really important in terms of the first step of defining what a burden is.

Justice Kagan: But, if it's -- if -- if it's all about a sincerely religious parent wanting to shield her child, then to take what I think might be thought on some views as -- as one end of the spectrum, you know, a book in the library, right, and they say, well, my kid is not shielded from this book because, you know, there's library free time, and she could find this book on the library shelves. What would Official 1 you do with that?

Sarah M. Harris: Right. So what we do with this is twofold. One is I think you have a threshold state action question with respect to, like, whether it's the child finding it, whether it's the school making it available. But, even setting that aside --

Justice Kagan: The school is making it available.

Sarah M. Harris: Separate --

Justice Kagan: The school is, like, you know, deciding how to spend their money and which books to buy and --

Sarah M. Harris: Right.

Justice Kagan: -- put on the shelves.

Sarah M. Harris: So I'll spot you that. Just setting that aside, I think those kinds of questions do cash out, as Petitioners are saying, with respect to, if you get past Smith, you end up in Smith -- assuming that you are in strict scrutiny world, depending on the nature of, like, whether the library allows opt-outs or not, I think it does cash out on strict scrutiny because we agree with Petitioners --

Justice Kagan: So you would get to Official 1 strict scrutiny, that sort of counts just because you find some kind of conflict, a religious parent saying no, I don't -- I -- my kid would not be shielded from something that is in conflict with my religion. And so the only way for a school to win that is in strict scrutiny land?

Sarah M. Harris: Well, no. I think the school could win in a couple of ways. One is, if they have a generally applicable policy, they don't allow opt-outs for anything, obviously, they could be outside of -- they could be in Smith world. But, assuming we're in strict scrutiny world, this is how things work. I think the way that it works is: Are you saying that children -- that schools have to operate as sort of policemen to make sure that there's no child at any point in the day who might run into a book or pages of a book that violate their parents' religious obligations? And I think then you're just in the same territory as United States versus Lee or in Fulton or in other cases that say, at the point where you have a combination of -- you're -- essentially forcing the school or the Official 1 institution to shoulder the burdens of reworking the institution for -- and essentially giving that one person a right to restructure it for everyone else, that's not the kind of accommodation that is permissible under strict scrutiny. United States v. Lee is a good example where, for the income tax --

Justice Kagan: Well -- I'm sorry. Go ahead.

Sarah M. Harris: Sorry. Income tax, everyone accepted that the Amish carpenter at issue in Lee had a sincerely held religion -- religious objection to Social Security taxes, not part of their faith. But the Court said no, you can't just say that you get to ensure that everyone else doesn't pay their taxes or that you get to essentially rewrite the income tax as to everyone because you can't have a sort of system like that. Now we're in the opposite of that world here because opt-outs with respect to pieces of instruction, the entire curriculum, with respect to extracurriculars, with respect to everything else, are a sort of very traditional feature of public schools and, Official 1 indeed, the means by which --

Justice Kagan: So, with respect to all of those things that you just said -- curricular instruction, extracurriculars, blah, blah, blah -- that does not raise the Lee issue in your mind? You know, there --

Sarah M. Harris: It doesn't.

Justice Kagan: -- there the opt-out is necessary, you know, whatever you might think about, you know, this is -- about the kids' age, about the nature of the instruction, about anything else?

Sarah M. Harris: That's where we think we draw the line, and I guess that would also --

Justice Kagan: I mean, there is no line then?

Sarah M. Harris: No, no, I think there absolutely is a line. I mean, I think you -- we've heard hypotheticals with respect to can you essentially veto someone else's children being in a classroom? Can you veto a teacher being in the classroom? Can you make sure that no one else is being taught a particular book? And those, in our view, again, Fulton is a good example. Barnette too. Official

Justice Kagan: What -- what -- what -- what would happen if, like, an eight-year-old -- you know, there's a -- a -- a -- a -- a part of the school day where people show and tell and talk about things that matter to them and to their families, and an eight-year-old says: I want to talk about, you know, having two moms? Would -- would another student be able to say: I'd like to exercise my opt-out now?

Sarah M. Harris: I don't think so because, in that particular context, what you're talking about is other students talking. Just as if there's a lunchtime conversation among students that raises various issues, schools do not have -- schools and teachers and -- and the board are not engaged in state action just by not policing everything that any student --

Justice Kagan: So --

Sarah M. Harris: -- in the school says in any part of the day.

Justice Kagan: Yeah. So it's just -- it's just what the teacher says?

Sarah M. Harris: It's what the teacher says, and -- then again, I guess I'd take it yet Official 1 a further level. So there's teacher liability, and then, for the Board, of course, to be liable, you have Monell issues with respect to whether it's a policy. And just how this works out practically, teachers --

Justice Kagan: And do you think it's okay -- Mr. Baxter's answer to one of my questions, he said, you know, he has no objection to the fact that, you know, the school would say, well, you know, you should leave the room. And then, if the next thing is I don't want to leave the room, I want to be in the room, you know, the same way as everybody else is, I just don't want them to be talking about that -- does that -- is that a claim?

Sarah M. Harris: We agree with Petitioners that would be this -- that's just the same version of the veto that we already talked about. That's not a permissible -- that would fail under strict scrutiny. That's not how opt-out works, and I think it's very telling if --

Justice Kagan: Because the person could say --

Justice Gorsuch: Ms. -- Ms. -- Official

Justice Kagan: -- like, I'm not getting the same education, the same public good, as everybody else is because I have to leave the room.

Sarah M. Harris: And I don't think that happens as a matter of practice, and the reason is, again, you have five states ranging from Pennsylvania to Arizona, Utah, Hawaii, Minnesota, that have very broad opt-outs, even broader than any sort of constitutional rule being proposed here, and you don't see people saying I have a sort of right -- a state law action to, like, a -- not have this particular opt-out opt -- operate that way. The way these have always worked is you either are sort of -- sort of outside for a brief period of time or you're offered some -- some sort of alternative. And, again, this is not something that's hard for schools. It's something that schools have done for a long time. It is not a sea change. And Respondents have the same problem, which is, if you accept that it is some sort of level of compulsion that triggers it, they're accepting the same whole series of opt-outs and Official 1 alternatives too --

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank --

Sarah M. Harris: -- even in --

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Justice Thomas, anything further? Justice Alito? Justice Sotomayor?

Justice Sotomayor: The injunction here sought by defendants asks for two things: parents' notice and an opportunity to opt their children out of reading, listening to, or discussing the Pride storybooks. The injunction presumably would require what you say is not required, to take the books off the shelf, correct?

Sarah M. Harris: No, I don't think that's what they're requesting at all. And Petitioners seem to have disclaimed that. Petitioners are saying they would like the ability to -- they basically want the status quo ante.

Justice Sotomayor: To opt out from forcing the child to read the book?

Sarah M. Harris: So they want the child to be -- Official

Justice Sotomayor: But that's not the words used here.

Sarah M. Harris: Yes. They want the child to be outside of the classroom if they -- if they are exposed to the book. They want the status quo ante that Montgomery County previously offered.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. So -- but you're not objecting either to having the books on the bookshelf in the classroom?

Sarah M. Harris: We're -- we don't understand that to be the claim here.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Now they also asked the court to "enjoin defendants from -- denying them advance notice and opportunity to opt their children out of any other instruction related to family life or human sexuality that violates the parents' or their children's religious beliefs." Is that an enforceable injunction?

Sarah M. Harris: Is that an enforceable injunction? I --

Justice Sotomayor: I don't know what "related to family life" would mean. It could be any picture, any book that talks about people Official 1 getting married.

Sarah M. Harris: I -- I take it --

Justice Sotomayor: Interracial couples.

Sarah M. Harris: I think it's defined by the contours of their particular claim and by the way in which Montgomery County and the State of Maryland have defined the topics.

Justice Sotomayor: We require injunctions to be more precise than that.

Sarah M. Harris: I think, regardless of how the Court feels with respect to the specificity of this injunction, it seems pretty definite in the context of the case. And with respect to the question presented, whether there is a burden if parents are not able to have the advance notice of opt-out of the material that the religious obligations prohibit, that's a clear burden.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kagan? Justice Gorsuch?

Justice Gorsuch: The way you -- you've briefed the case, the government's briefed the case, is a -- as a public benefit case, as you discussed. Official 1 Another way to think about the case, as Justice Barrett was discussing with your colleague, was through the lens of Smith and whether the county's acted neutrally pursuant to a generally applicable rule. What are your thoughts about that? We have some statements that Justice Kavanaugh referenced from Board members to parents and children, and we have opt-outs for all manner of other kinds of considerations, for Valentine's Day and Halloween and -- and other things. Would that be another way to approach this case?

Sarah M. Harris: It absolutely could be. I think that the way it would work would be you would find discrimination on the basis of religion, not just that there was not a generally applicable policy. So, obviously, non-generality would be enough to get you out of Smith. But I take the Petitioners to be going further and saying there's evidence in the record of more like a Lukumi-like animus-type claim where there is sort of the -- the -- the only explanation for the Board's shift is they did not like the religious objections, they have Official 1 expressed hostility in various comments to religion. So that is absolutely another pathway the Court could go down. And, again, we chose the public benefits path because, on this particular record, it seems particularly sort of clear that parents have a sincerely held religious obligation that is being denied in this context, that would suffice to get to strict scrutiny and sort of go through the rest.

Justice Gorsuch: Oh -- I'm sorry.

Chief Justice Roberts: Sure.

Justice Gorsuch: I have one other question. Some -- some lower courts have taken the view that even if you have a discrimination against religion, so you fail the Smith test, that you still have to show a burden, a substantial burden, in addition to that. And one might read a footnote in the Fourth Circuit's opinion to suggest that. Do you have thoughts about that?

Sarah M. Harris: This Court has held in cases, certainly, most recently in the Trinity Lutheran -- Trinity that discrimination on the basis of religion, if you are treating people of Official 1 faith worse or a particular religion worse or discriminating in the Lukumi sense, that triggers strict scrutiny.

Justice Gorsuch: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kavanaugh?

Justice Kavanaugh: Just to be clear, your position in this case is that you're not seeking to alter the instruction in the classroom or what's the content of the classroom, you're only seeking not for this -- these children to be forced to remain in the classroom, correct?

Sarah M. Harris: Exactly.

Justice Kavanaugh: And then, if there is a substantial burden, you get to the next step of the analysis. Why do you think this is not generally applicable?

Sarah M. Harris: Two sets of reasons. One is that it's discretionary. So, by definition, it's not generally applicable. The Board can turn on a dime and change who gets exemptions, what kinds of exemptions are covered. And that's, in fact, the record here, that they changed overnight as to what kinds of Official 1 exemptions they would allow. And two, in terms of lack of general applicability, is the patchwork of exemptions they currently allow. They allow exemptions for musical performances. They allow -- I think they allow exemptions for dissection. They allow exemptions for Halloween, for birthdays, for any kind of religious observances on Saturdays or Sundays that might interfere with -- extracurriculars. The one thing they -- they allow exemptions for sexual education in the classroom components. The one thing they don't allow is the exemptions for the storybooks, and that is sort of the hallmark of something that is not a generally applicable policy.

Justice Kavanaugh: On your first point there, the alternative one about changing the policy, couldn't that be said about every policy that exists, even one that has no exemptions at all? Oh, well, they could change it tomorrow, therefore, it's discretionary, therefore, strict scrutiny? How -- how would you answer that?

Sarah M. Harris: I would answer that by Official 1 saying that the Court has looked at sort of legislation and other sort of binding -- things that are binding differently and said, you know, if you have a law that says there's no exceptions, it's a different situation from if a -- if the decision maker tomorrow just retains flexibility. I mean, think -- if you think about Fulton, the way in which the Court thought about case-by-case discretion in that case, if you have a decisionmaker who can just say: I'm going to, in my discretion, reverse course, decide to give you a one-off opt-out or a categorical opt-out tomorrow, it seems hard to see why that would be generally applicable. And, again, the fact that the Board did something similar to that here seems to suggest --

Justice Kavanaugh: We don't need to address that here, I suppose --

Sarah M. Harris: No.

Justice Kavanaugh: -- because of the exemptions that exist for other things makes it not generally applicable in your view?

Sarah M. Harris: Yes. Official

Justice Kavanaugh: And then, on strict scrutiny, why does the county fail strict scrutiny?

Sarah M. Harris: The county fails strict scrutiny because the question is whether the county has a compelling interest. Here, their asserted interest appears to, first and foremost, be in administrability and not granting opt-outs to the Petitioners. That's the way the courts framed the burden analysis in Fulton and Yoder, and so it's key to a sort of not granting the exemptions. And it is very, very hard even on this sort of preliminary injunction record to understand why it is not administrable to -- offer the opt-outs in this particular context that they used to offer but offer a host of opt-outs for virtually everything else under the sun and not have the -- all the same concerns flooding forward, especially given that they have, in addition to the things that they have identified in their policy, conceded that they would need opt-outs for things like exposure to images of the Prophet Muhammad or any instances where classroom instruction rose to the level of Official 1 compulsion under their view. And so I think their line-drawing problems really would doom any kind of a -- attempt to satisfy strict scrutiny.

Justice Kavanaugh: Is the United States aware of any other school board in the country that's done something like this?

Sarah M. Harris: We aren't. I can't vouch for it not happening. But I think, more relevantly, we're -- aware of many, many states and school districts that take the opposite tack and allow opt-outs far beyond any kind of constitutional rule that would be adopted in this case.

Justice Kavanaugh: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Barrett?

Justice Barrett: Ms. Harris, so there's a lot of concern about line drawing and what this would mean, and maybe some of that would be handled under strict scrutiny or under -- or under Smith. I mean, it's not saying that anybody wins or loses if we're just talking about initial steps. But, to the point of line drawing, is Official 1 there a way -- let's imagine that the Court decided that there was a burden here, that a free exercise right was triggered, that the government thinks we should be careful about to not implicate other things. I'm thinking about what if a teacher was transgender and the student was very respectful to the teacher but didn't want to use the pronouns and the parents didn't want the child to use the pronouns. Like, say, you know, call the teacher "Mister," you know, when she was transgender -- when the teacher was transgender. Same for a student in the classroom. You know, those might present different -- different issues that would be more difficult. So is there something that the government has in mind that would be some limiting principle?

Sarah M. Harris: Yes. So just to take the limiting principle first and then your pronoun hypothetical second. With respect to the limiting principle on what a burden is, I think it's almost -- this is the easy case because you have parents' Official 1 religious obligations, and the obligations encompass being exposed to material and it's just an outright prohibition. But I think Professor Girgis's article is actually a very good guide to different kinds of burdens that might arise in this context or or others that wouldn't qualify. So take the hypothetical of parents want to opt out from school for a month to take their kids on a religious pilgrimage. If your faith is indifferent to doing so in September versus during, like, spring break or summer recess, you don't have a burden on your religious exercise because you have equally available or alternative means of doing your religious exercise that don't require the opt-out and don't require -- don't really put you to the choice that we're talking about. So, when you're thinking about things that aren't sort of the prohibition on exposure things, I think there are real teeth in this doctrine. And there's a lot of hypotheticals that you can think of in the school context that would implicate that. With respect to your pronouns Official 1 hypothetical, I actually think that's a case that raises even more concerns in the sense that you also have -- and this is what the court of appeals cases bear out -- compelling --

Justice Barrett: Speech.

Sarah M. Harris: -- potential compelled speech concerns with respect to you're requiring everyone else in the classroom -- first of all, free exercise issues, but also compelled speech issues -- to refer to a particular person by pronouns. That's how the cases are kind of getting litigated out in the lower courts right now.

Justice Barrett: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Jackson?

Justice Jackson: I guess, in following up on that, I'm just not sure I understand your answer. So is it a burden for a religious student who is being taught at home and through their religion that gender is not a situation that can be changed, people should not be in a transgender circumstance, is it a burden for them to be in a public school classroom where Official 1 the teacher is referring to another student by what this student believes is the wrong pronoun or whatever?

Sarah M. Harris: Well, I think the relevant burden there would be the parents' religious exercise, as we have conceived of, like, the -- the -- the -- the -- the nature of the religious beliefs in this particular case. As Petitioners note, you could also have questions with respect to the student's free exercise rights. I think that's a particular question.

Justice Jackson: Right. So is it a burden on the parent to have their child in a classroom with a transgender student and the teacher is referring to them by pronouns that the parent thinks is inappropriate?

Sarah M. Harris: I mean, I think, even under Respondents' view, that that would, in fact, constitute a burden on religious exercise, and here's why. It is a burden on religious exercise in the parents' view because you are -- because not only do they have a religious obligation to ensure that their children are not -- sort of exposed to the idea that you must Official 1 sort of recognize people's pronouns in that particular way, but I think, even under Respondents' view, there's a level of compulsion or affirmation of a particular view of -- of how someone's pronouns should -- should work out.

Justice Jackson: And it doesn't matter that the parent could send their kid to a different school because they don't like this environment?

Wilson: I mean --

Justice Jackson: I mean, they're -- they're being -- they're -- they're not -- you agree that they're not being compelled to actually go to that school where this sort of thing is happening that they disagree with?

Sarah M. Harris: I think two points on that. One is that actually shows the burden because you're being forced to forego the benefit of a public education and pay for a private school.

Justice Jackson: Well, we'll get to that. I'm just trying to understand --

Wilson: Yeah, I think -- that's a problem.

Justice Jackson: I'm trying to Official 1 understand. So you're saying, even -- even if the parent has a choice to put their kid in another environment that doesn't do the kind of thing that they object to, it's still a burden if they opt to put their parent -- their child in this environment?

Sarah M. Harris: Absolutely, unless you want to overturn Barnette --

Justice Jackson: All right. Well --

Sarah M. Harris: -- because Barnette too, I think, had that same choice.

Justice Jackson: -- let me ask you about -- this is following up on that choice. So is it really confined to the public school context? So, in that same scenario about foregoing a benefit, what -- what if the government puts up ads on public transportation that informs the public that the clerk's office -- the government's clerk's office performs and certifies gay marriages? And this is on a bus. This is on the subway. And children can see these ads that are talking about state-sponsored gay marriages. And what I guess I'm trying to Official 1 understand from your argument is whether it substantially burdens the religious exercise of parents whose religions teach that marriage is between a man and a woman to ride on those -- to have those ads displayed on public transportation.

Sarah M. Harris: Yeah, I would just add caveats with respect to, like, how the government's speech inquiry would -- would sort of cash out in that context and what kinds of challenges you can bring to transit. But I would just say, as a more general matter, our position is not limited to the idea that if there are other contexts -- I mean, I -- if there are other contexts, like, take Bowen, where you're being forced to use Social Security numbers by the government and that violates --

Justice Jackson: No, I want this context. I want the answer to --

Sarah M. Harris: Okay. But I'm just saying, like, the answer's going to be yes in terms of, like --

Justice Jackson: So -- the answer's going to be yes. So -- so the -- Official

Sarah M. Harris: In terms of it applies to other context.

Justice Jackson: So I don't --

Sarah M. Harris: But I don't know the --

Justice Jackson: -- I guess I don't understand how that -- how that -- squares with our cases about not making the government change its position or do things just because of your religion. I mean, we have a public bus, and the person can choose not to ride the bus if they don't want their children exposed to the ads that are on the bus. But you seem to be saying that because the bus is a public good, the religious parent has the right to tell the bus people and the state that they have to take those ads down --

Sarah M. Harris: Sorry.

Justice Jackson: -- because they don't want their children to be exposed to them.

Sarah M. Harris: I need to be more precise in terms of how I'm answering the hypothetical --

Justice Jackson: Yes.

Sarah M. Harris: -- versus the general Official 1 extension of the cases outside the school context. We obviously think that the range of you can't be forced to forego a public benefit extends beyond the -- school context because -- the Respondents are asking for the reverse, to confine it everywhere except for the school context. With respect to your hypothetical, I think you're getting into the question of how far does, like, the Lyng decision extend with respect to government property. Can you force people --

Justice Jackson: No. I just want -- I'm just trying to find a public benefit. You have schools, you say, is a public benefit that parents are being forced in a way -- they're -- they're to give up if they want to have an environment that their children --

Sarah M. Harris: Right.

Justice Jackson: -- is not exposed to these sorts of ideas. I'm just trying to find an analogous public --

Sarah M. Harris: Okay.

Justice Jackson: -- benefit outside of the school context and ask you whether your Official 1 position is that it substantially burdens the rights of religious parents if there are advertisements on a public bus that say things that they don't want their children exposed to.

Sarah M. Harris: So, again, I think, at the first stage of the burden inquiry, it depends on whether you're in a Lyng category of cases where you're saying I'm essentially burdened by something that's on -- government property or you're in the sort of stage here, where we're -- where we're -- we're not talking about that context. But just to abstract out -- outside of that, there are obviously going to be contexts besides the school context in which we would agree that there is a burden. Again, I think Bowen is really the best example, where parents would be -- if -- if you take the Bowen hypothetical that was reserved, parents are forced to use Social Security numbers to get benefits, right, to apply for various things. That burdens their religious exercise. So, yes, it applies in those contexts, but I think that is a virtue -- that's sort of a feature of this Court's jurisprudence because Official 1 this Court has not said that public benefits can't be burdened at the price of --

Justice Jackson: But isn't a feature of our jurisprudence that we haven't said before that mere exposure to these sorts of things create burdens? I mean, I understand that most of our jurisprudence in this area is about forcing people to affirm, you know, the pledge of allegiance, forcing people to go to the public school. It would be one thing if the state in my hypothetical said everybody has to ride this bus, just like the state used to say everybody has to go to public school, the Amish have to go to public school --

Sarah M. Harris: Okay.

Justice Jackson: -- past 16, but if you have an option to do something else, I guess I'm just worried about suggesting that exposure to things you disagree with in a situation in which you have an option not to expose yourself to that because you can do something else counts from the standpoint of substantial burden.

Sarah M. Harris: So two points. One is I think -- because there's two concepts in here. Official 1 One is with respect to the concept of -- like, "mere exposure" versus beliefs. I think that line is not a line that can be held without discriminating on the basis of religion. I think, if you had a situation where, let's say, Ms. Sherbert -- believed that she couldn't view images of the Prophet Muhammad, that the only options for her Saturday employment for whatever reason involved seeing that or involved employment that would have violated her -- her obligation not to view other things that are religiously objectionable to different faiths, I think it would be the same setup. It wouldn't matter that it's unemployment benefits versus a school context. Now second issue with respect to can you avoid it through other means, I think this Court in Fulton confronted the -- a very similar situation. The Court did not say, Catholic Social Services, you have a mission that's religiously motivated of making sure you provide for the needy of Philadelphia. Instead of doing so through foster care placements, you have lots of other ways to serve those children, so go off and do so, even though the -- the mean -- only Official 100 means of serving foster care children through Philadelphia required violating their sincerely held religious beliefs in terms of affirming same-sex marriages.

Justice Jackson: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Mr. Schoenfeld. ORAL ARGUMENT OF ALAN E. SCHOENFELD ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: Every day in public elementary school classrooms across the country, children are taught ideas that conflict with their family's religious beliefs. Children encounter real and fictional women who forego motherhood and work outside the home. Children read books valorizing our nation's veterans who fought in violent wars. And children in Montgomery County read books introducing them to LGBT characters. Each of these things is deeply offensive to some people of faith, but learning about them is not a legally cognizable burden on free exercise. Adopting Petitioners' view of the case Official 101 would conscript courts into playing the role of school board, a task for which this Court has recognized they are ill suited. And a constitutional requirement to provide opt-outs from anything someone finds religiously offensive would mean public schools must find alternative classrooms, supervision for young students, and substitute lessons each time a potentially offensive topic arises. That is not what the Constitution requires, particularly given the special characteristics of the school environment. This Court has made clear that exposure to offensive ideas does not burden free exercise, and it has held that the government is not required to do its daily work in ways that make it easier for parents to raise their children in the faith. Given the diversity of religious beliefs in America, Petitioners' rule would require courts to adjudicate an infinite variety of curriculum challenges brought by parents with different religious beliefs. That is not hypothetical, as 40 years of litigation on these issues makes clear. Official 102 The books at issue here, five among hundreds in the curriculum, are meant to foster mutual respect in a pluralistic school community. MCPS makes explicitly clear that students do not need to accept, agree with, or affirm anything they read or anything about their classmates' beliefs or lives. The lesson is that students should treat their peers with respect. I welcome the Court's questions.

Justice Thomas: Couldn't you solve those differences simply by restoring the opt-out?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: You -- Your Honor, I -- I think, in this case, the record makes clear that the school district did try to honor the opt-out, and at some point, it became infeasible. Certainly, there are circumstances where the right decision a school board might make in view of the particular needs of a community is to offer the opt-out. It's a different question from whether it's constitutionally required.

Justice Thomas: How would you distinguish your case, this case, from Yoder? Official

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think Yoder involved a religious obligation that adherents remove themselves physically from society. So what was at issue there was the conflict between the Yoders' sincerely held religious beliefs that they needed to remove their children from society in order to provide them with the vocational training that the religion required, and that conflicted with Wisconsin's criminal compulsory education law. Yoder was a very clear application of Meyer and Pierce that simply went to the parents' right to determine where their children would be execute -- educated and not anything about what would go on in the schools. And Yoder, in fact, makes clear that it wasn't opining on the question of plarent -- parent -- of whether parents have any prerogative to dictate the discrete aspects of the curriculum, a clarification both Meyer and Pierce before Yoder themselves made.

Justice Thomas: So the -- so Yoder is a complete withdrawal of the students from school. And you say that's not as drastic as picking and choosing certain messages that the Official 104 parents don't think their kids should hear?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Precisely. And, again, I think Yoder was a direct application of Meyer and Pierce. Meyer and Pierce said 50 years before that parents get to decide whether to -- enroll their children in public schools. And Yoder simply recognized the right of the old order Amish to withdraw their children from school at age 18. Meyer, Pierce, and Yoder are all very clear that they are not offering any opinion on what the rights of parents are once they enroll their children in public schools for precisely that reason. It becomes infinitely more complicated to honor parents' individual religious beliefs once they're in the public school environment.

Justice Thomas: Well, why wouldn't you -- why wouldn't a parent argue that the opt-out is a more specific version of Yoder because you're simply opting them out of specific programs as opposed to the entire school program?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It may be for one parent that that is a more narrowly tailored Official 105 approach. But the question presented here is whether it constitutes a burden to be exposed to this sort of instruction. And when parents have a right to invoke the Free Exercise Clause to shield their children from all manner of offensive curriculum, I think it becomes infinitely more complicated.

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel, you said that nothing in the policy requires students to affirm what's being taught or what's being presented in the books. Is that a realistic concept when you're talking about a five-year-old? I mean, do you -- do you want to say you don't have to follow the teacher's instructions, you don't have to agree with the teacher? -- I mean, that may be a more dangerous message than some of the other things.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Well, there -- there are expless -- express directives in the support materials that Montgomery County provided along exactly those lines. But, Your Honor, I would point the Court to Barnette, where the kids were young, they were 8 and 10, and the Court made a distinction between being required to pledge Official 106 allegiance and affirm a belief in a graven image in that case and merely being required to remain passive during the pledge ceremony and being instructed on what the pledge was, what the flag was, and what it meant.

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, that's a particular ceremony, which I think I would -- sort of -- put aside when we're talking about the basic instruction here, you know, read this or this is what it -- what it shows on an issue that presents serious religious objections for -- for the parent. So, I -- I mean, I understand the idea when you're talking about a sophomore, a junior, whatever, in high school, you know, where the point is you want to -- to sort of push back on some of this. But I'm not sure that same -- qualifying factor applies when you're talking about five-year-olds.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Well, so, if that's relevant to the question, Your Honor, then I think that the line that we advocate between exposure and coercion is the relevant one. And there may be circumstances where, given the age of the student or given the particular Official 107 presentation of information in the classroom, a plaintiff may be able to make out a case that their child is being coerced. But the Court, I think, has to accept what Montgomery -- what Montgomery County sort of represents as the basis for the presentation of this curriculum. And what's in the record are directives to say, for example: I understand that is what you believe, but not everyone believes it. In any community, we'll always find people with beliefs different from our own, and that's okay. We can still show them respect. That's exactly --

Justice Gorsuch: Counsel -- counsel, on -- on -- on that score, the exposure -- line -- versus coercion line that you asked us to draw, how does that play out in -- in the case of the Muhammad image for a Muslim student? I didn't see you answer that in your brief.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So -- so I -- I think we do answer it in the brief. But, to answer the question directly, assuming that the prohibition is on viewing a visual depiction of Official 108 the Prophet Muhammad, in those circumstances, the school is coercing an individual to act contrary to a religious belief.

Justice Gorsuch: Even though just being exposed to the image?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: The -- the -- the exposure --

Justice Gorsuch: So the exposure there is coercion in your view?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think it's the difference between exposure to ideas --

Justice Gorsuch: Uh-huh.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- and activity that coerces you to engage in -- in -- in conduct that is in violation of your belief.

Justice Gorsuch: So --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So when --

Justice Gorsuch: -- the idea is the image of the Prophet --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I think the image is the image. In other words, if there were a book --

Justice Gorsuch: So it's an image that makes the difference rather than an idea?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think it's conduct Official 109 that makes the difference. And I think this is an important distinction. So, if there were a book that described someone drawing an image of the Prophet Muhammad, I don't think a parent would have an -- the ability to object even given the religious prohibition at issue on simply being exposed to the idea that people might depict the image of the Prophet Muhammad. Being required to view the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad, in contravention of a religious objection, is being required to engage in conduct --

Justice Gorsuch: Well, the child is sitting passively and the teacher's just reading a -- a storybook.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I -- I think, if the storybook features the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad --

Justice Gorsuch: Yes.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- that is a compulsion to engage in conduct that violates your religious belief.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Now, again, I think Official 110 what's important here is that this goes simply to the question of whether the right is being burdened. It's very hard --

Justice Gorsuch: No, I -- I understand that. Okay.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: But it's very --

Justice Gorsuch: I -- counsel, I do understand that.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Okay.

Justice Gorsuch: I -- I have a slightly different question. And -- and you say this is only about exposure, but we also have in the record some guidance materials for teachers and one of which is, if a student says that a -- a boy can't be a girl because he was born -- born a boy, a teacher is to respond: That comment is hurtful, and we shouldn't use negative words to talk about people's identities. Is that just -- is that exposure, or is that something else for a three- to five-year-old?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So two points on that, Your Honor. The first is that the record is seriously underdeveloped on whether and how Official 111 these support materials are used. These were recommended -- potential answers for questions that students might pose. There's nothing in the record about whether any teacher --

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. Let's say a teacher does as instructed, though, and -- and uses that. Is that exposure, or is that coercion in your world?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think that as Your Honor has recited it, it is exposure to particular ideas and teaching students to be civil in the classroom. There are certainly circumstances where use of that script in a particular context could give rise to a claim of coercion. If, for example -- and, again, I -- I think the distinction between exposure and coercion is one that's quite familiar to the Court. The Court undertook precisely that analysis in Kennedy and in Town of Greece versus Galloway.

Justice Gorsuch: I'd like to talk about Kennedy and -- and -- and maybe Masterpiece a little bit too, where -- forget about Yoder and substantial burden -- the Court Official 112 focused on, in -- particularly in Masterpiece, the -- the statements of those involved in -- in -- in the policy. And -- and, here, we have some statements from Board members suggesting the students were parenting their -- their parents' -- parroting their parents' dogma, suggesting that some parents might be promoting hate and suggesting that it was unfortunate that they were taking a view endorsed by white supremacists and -- and -- and xenophobes. I didn't see you directly address those comments in your brief, and I -- I just want to give you an opportunity to do so here and ask you: Does that suggest a -- a hostility toward religion akin to what we found in Masterpiece? And why wouldn't that be enough to trigger strict scrutiny on its own?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: In the first place, the question of whether there's a burden, I think, is a relevant starting point, and so I don't think we get to Smith or strict scrutiny.

Justice Gorsuch: Well, we -- we found in Smith and -- you know, in Smith, if you're not neutral, if you're expressing discrimination Official 113 towards religion, and in Masterpiece, if you're expressing this kind of hostility toward religion, you go to strict scrutiny. And we don't need to get into all the rest of these coercion versus exposure and -- and dog -- and doctrine about what constitutes a substantial burden.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Respectfully, I -- I think those cases, there's -- there was a clear burden in each of those cases. So, as the question comes before the Court on how you define the burden, I think that still needs to be answered before you get into any of the anterior parts of --

Justice Gorsuch: So you take the view that even if you have a non-neutral policy, and even if it was motivated by hostility toward religion, and even though the parents claim a burden, you still have to somehow meet an additional -- objective substantial burden test?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- correct. I think that there is a prerequisite for any free exercise --

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. Let -- let -- I got your answer. I appreciate that. Official 114 Do you -- do you want to comment about those remarks and -- and -- and -- and -- and what they represent?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Certainly. I -- I think the position of the Board with respect to this policy is clear. The Board adopted neutral policies where it allowed opt-outs for all reasons, including religious reasons, in a sincere effort to accommodate the viewpoints of all of the members of the community. It tried that. It failed. It was not able to accommodate the number of opt-outs at issue. It then adopted an entirely neutral policy where no opt-outs were permitted. I think some of those comments have been taken out of context. I think many of them post-date the actual withdrawal of the opt-out right by the School Board. And --

Justice Gorsuch: So I understand that some of them were in response to a parents meeting after the withdrawal. So do you want to defend them at all or -- or have any explanation for them, that it isn't based on hostility toward sincerely held religious beliefs?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Your Honor, my -- my Official 115 answer is that I think the statements speak for themselves. They are taken largely out of context, I think, in Petitioners' brief. They're certainly --

Justice Gorsuch: Do you have any context you wish to give them?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I -- they are intemperate statements. I don't deny that. I think the question of whether they motivated the School Board to adopt a policy that discriminates against people on the basis of religion is not borne out by the record. And, finally, I'd just point out that in -- I -- I apologize, Justice Barrett.

Justice Barrett: Oh, no, no, that -- you can finish your answer.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: No. Please go ahead.

Justice Barrett: Okay. I -- I just wanted to ask: So there's been some question about the record and whether these were just books on the shelf or whether they were actually used in the classroom. How could it be that the opt-out policy became unmanageable if they weren't part of the instruction? Because, if they were just Official 116 on the shelf and the parents sought an injunction saying we don't want to be taught, then, presumably, that's no big deal. You'd say: Okay, fine, you don't -- you're not going to be taught. There's nothing to opt out of because they're just on the shelf.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Certainly. There were certainly classrooms -- in the -- there were certainly classrooms where the books were read out loud, where they were pulled off the shelf by a student and the student read it with a peer or many peers. They were used in the classroom the way that any book is read in a third- or second-grade classroom.

Justice Barrett: And so that -- that is in the record, that they were used in the classroom. And it is in the record that the teachers had this discussion material in -- in the, you know, IntersectionAllies, you know, the discussion guide is actually part of the book. You know, the explanations about gender and -- and -- and all of that sort of thing are not even part of the separate instructional materials but part of the book itself. Official 117 All of that is in the record, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Absolutely. So, with respect to how the supporting materials, even the ones that are an adjunct to the book, like IntersectionAllies, absolutely in the record. What's also in the record in the -- in the Hazel declaration is that some use of the books was required. Do I know how it was actually used in all of the classrooms in 130 elementary schools? No. But the expectation is that they're going to be used just as any other curriculum material is used.

Justice Barrett: So it seems to me then that, really, the -- the lack of a record matters most if compulsion is the standard, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Absolutely.

Justice Barrett: Because, if compulsion is the standard, then I can see why we would need more in the record about, you know, if -- if it really is required that the teacher would have to ask a student to renounce beliefs or to abandon beliefs in some way, then we would want to see record evidence. But, if it's not compulsion, if it's Official 118 interference in the way that your friend on the other side has articulated it, then it seems to me we have that in the record because we have the books being read in the classroom. It's not mere exposure.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I -- I think exposure to ideas in the classroom, whether they come in the form of a teacher reading a book to a student or a student reading a book to a fellow student, that is certainly on our side of the line between exposure and coercion. There is a set of facts where the presentation of the material in the classroom might give rise to coercion.

Justice Barrett: Well, it's not just exposure to the idea, right? If it's exposure -- if it's presentation of the idea as fact, that's different, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't --

Justice Barrett: It's not just some people think. That's -- that's exposure. Some people think X. Some people think Y. It's saying: This is the right view of the world. This is how we think about things. This is how you should think about Official 119 things. This is like 2 plus 2 is 4.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I disagree with that characterization of the record. So I think that in --

Justice Gorsuch: Well, let's -- let's -- let's say that is in the record, okay? Let's say it's not just some people think X, other people think Y; we live in a pluralistic society, period. Let's say it is some people think X, and X is wrong and hurtful and negative. Is that -- I mean, that -- that -- that -- that's more than exposure, I think, on your theory.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: That is more -- more than exposure, and those facts may well be relevant to a coercion claim. I don't think that is what the record bears out.

Justice Barrett: But, if it's not coercion -- you know, it -- let's say that I think it's something less than coercion. You -- you concede that that would show, you know, interference with, hindering of a parent's right to --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't because Official 120 I think the parent's right to shield their children from offensive curricular materials is no greater than the child's right to be free from offensive curricular materials. And if, on our theory of the case, children have no right to be shielded from offensive curricular materials that share a view that conflicts with their religious belief, parents don't have a greater right then to shield their children from --

Justice Kavanaugh: Counsel, can I --

Justice Alito: Can I ask you --

Justice Barrett: Can I ask you --

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Alito?

Justice Barrett: I just -- I just have -- oh, sorry.

Chief Justice Roberts: Go ahead.

Justice Barrett: I just have one question to follow up. I just wanted to ask you quickly about this idea of whether this is a public benefit or compulsion given the compulsory attendance law. Is it kind of your position that because parents have the right to send their children to private school or to home-school Official 121 that that in and of itself is the opt-out?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: No, that's not a position we've taken here. I do -- the -- the compulsory education analysis has always been part of this Court's coercion inquiry. So, in Lee versus Weisman and Santa Fe, the fact that the children who were enrolled in this public school were required to be there for the graduation ceremony, and there's a lot of discussion about whether it is or is not, I think the compulsory nature of public education, where a student is enrolled in public school, is relevant to whether there is coercion. It is one factor among others. The fact that a student who is enrolled in a public school and needs to be there is exposed to offensive ideas simply goes to the question of whether we're right that exposure to ideas, regardless of whether they conflict with religious belief, constitutes a burden on free exercise.

Justice Barrett: So it --

Justice Alito: Mr. --

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice -- oh.

Justice Barrett: -- doesn't matter to Official 122 you that you could go to a religious school or private school or home-school for purposes of the analysis, the legal analysis?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: For purposes of the analysis, correct.

Justice Alito: Mr. Schoenfeld, could I make sure I understand what you mean by coercion? You say in your brief that there are three things that cannot be done. The state cannot say you can't go to a private school or a religious school. The state cannot say you must affirm certain beliefs. And the state cannot say that unless you -- that -- that you're going to be disqualified from benefits because of your religious beliefs. Is that the universe? Those are the three situations in which there's coercion?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: No, Your Honor. I -- I think the -- what this Court said in Lyng is that coercion is found when there's a tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs. So, for example, in the --

Justice Alito: So it -- it goes further -- it goes further than that. So Official 123 suppose a school says we're going to talk about same-sex marriage and same-sex marriage is legal in Maryland and it's a good thing, it's moral, it makes people happy, same-sex couples form good families, they raise children. Now there are those who disagree with that. Catholics, for example, they disagree with that. They think that it's not moral, but they're wrong and they're bad, and anybody who doesn't accept that same-sex marriage is -- is normal and just as good as opposite-sex marriage is not a good person. Now what if -- what if that is what the teacher -- the school teaches students?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think that's absolutely coercion. I think where I -- where I found the line between exposure and coercion in your presentation, Justice Alito, was this is the state of the law in Maryland and elsewhere in the United States. People can fall in love, get married, even same-sex couples. Some people believe in it. Catholics don't believe in it. And then it stopped. And then it was directly derogatory of a particular -- set of religious beliefs. It was avowedly so, and that Official 124 I think under any fair reading would -- would give rise to a coercion or a discrimination claim.

Justice Alito: So you can -- the -- the school can teach students certain moral principles that are highly objectionable to parents and that's okay?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yes.

Justice Alito: They can't opt out?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: That -- that does not burden their free exercise. There's no constitutional requirement of completeness in these contexts. A school could easily teach that evolution is one theory and it is the correct theory, and I don't think there's any constitutional problem with that. Certainly, if a student taking a test said you've --- taught me about evolution, here are the principles of evolution, I'm reciting them to you, but I don't agree with that and my faith teaches me differently, no teacher would penalize the student for saying that, and if the teacher did, that would certainly give rise to a coercion claim.

Justice Alito: Now let me -- the Official 125 opposite end of your spectrum of possibilities is exposure, which you talk about over and over. What does that mean? I would think that exposure -- and we can take the example of same-sex marriage again. Exposure is telling the students that there are a lot of people who marry a person of the opposite sex, there are also people who marry a person of the same sex. Period. Leave it at that. That's exposure. If you go beyond that, is it still exposure?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It depends on the context. I mean, I think Uncle Bobby's Wedding is teaching third graders or second graders precisely that. It's telling it through a story. And the fact that in that case it's Uncle Bobby and Jamie rather than, in Uncle Peter's Chinese American wedding, it's Uncle Peter and his wife --

Justice Alito: Well, don't you think -- and Justice Sotomayor and I were discussing this before, and we could have a -- you know, we could have a book club and have a debate about how Uncle Bobby's marriage should be understood. Official 126 But I think it clearly goes beyond that. It just does -- it doesn't just say that Uncle Bobby and Jamie are getting married. It expresses the idea subtly, but it expresses the idea this is a good thing. "Mommy, said Chloe, I don't understand, why is Uncle Bobby getting married." "Bobby and Jamie love each other, said Mommy. When people" -- "When grownup people love each other that much, sometimes they get married." I mean, that's not sending -- subtly sending the message this is a good thing?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I think that's a way of a mother consoling her daughter who's annoyed that her favorite uncle is distracted and doesn't have time for her. But, even if the message were some people are gay, some people get married, I -- I don't think there's anything impermissibly normative about that. It is a story that is being used to teach students that, just as in the 99 of the 100 books that we read about couples, it's a man and a woman, there also may be a man and a man.

Justice Alito: I mean, why -- why is Official 127 the Montgomery County Board of Education in this argument running away from what they clearly want to say? They have a view that they want to express on these subjects, and maybe it's a very good view, but they have a definite view, and that's the whole point of this curriculum, is it not?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I -- I'm not running away from anything the Board has used to defend this. I think what's in the record is that the Board wants to teach civility and respect for difference in the classroom. There is obviously an incidental message in some of these books that these life choices and these lifestyles are worthy of respect. I don't know how you can teach students to respect each other without teaching that. If the book were about, you know, Uncle Bobby's wedding, they get married, and the rest of it is that was awful, then there would be a serious equal protection violation in the presentation of that curriculum. So the incidental message that these things ought to be normalized and treated with respect, I think, is simply part of the work Official 128 that the school is doing in cultivating respect in a pluralistic school.

Justice Alito: Well, the -- the plaintiffs here are not asking the school to change its curriculum. They're just saying, look, we want out. Why isn't that feasible? What is the big deal about allowing them to opt out of this?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I -- a couple of answers. I think, on the facts of this case, we have the natural experiment of the schools permitting these opt-outs and then finding that it was not administrable. It wasn't true in every school.

Justice Alito: Well, why is it not administrable? You have -- they're able to opt out of the health class, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: The health class is taught discretely. There's a -- there's a -- there's a meeting, mandatory meeting, for all parents where they are told exactly what's going to be taught in it and they're given the option of opting out of the unit of instruction, not the particular --

Justice Alito: Well, that's how you Official 129 define the unit of -- of instruction. You could define the unit of instruction to include the reading of these storybooks.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: And that's not compelled as a matter of Maryland state law. The Maryland state --

Justice Alito: It's not compelled as a matter of state law, but why should it not be compelled as a matter of the -- the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't think --

Justice Alito: There's nothing -- what is infeasible about doing that?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So, again, I think the experience of the schools with respect to these five books show that it was infeasible. And let me give you an example. Let's say the school, a -- an exquisitely competent and well-resourced school, is able to say on Tuesday at 9:00 we're going to read Uncle Bobby's Wedding, we're going to make arrangements for alternative space, we're going to give suitable supervision for our six-year-olds, and we're going to give them an alternative assignment that accomplishes the same ELA gill -- goals. Official 130 Let's say that happens, right? That they were able to pull off. The next week, someone says: That was my favorite book ever. I'm going to pull it off the shelf and I'm going ask Alan to sit down and read it with me. What happens then? The teacher can't simply summon a librarian to come to the school, say those were the kids who opted out of that lesson last week --

Justice Alito: Well, I -- I -- I don't think you're really answering my question. Why can't this all be put -- we're going to read Uncle Bobby's Wedding and these other books, but we're going to read it during a period of time that includes the health class, and children are already able to opt out of that, so they can opt out of reading these books.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think there's no constitutional obligation to treat these books that introduce people to LGBT characters in a curriculum that is meant to teach about different matters.

Justice Kavanaugh: I'm not understanding why it's not feasible. The county had an opt-out. You said every other school Official 131 board in the country has opt-outs for all sorts of things. The county has opt-outs for all sorts of things. The other Maryland counties have opt-outs for all sorts of things. And yet, for this one thing, they changed in mid -- midyear and say no more opt-outs. I'm just not understanding feasibility.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So, again, I -- I think what's in the record is that with respect to these books as they were deployed in the classroom, there was high absenteeism in some schools, for example, dozens of students being opted out in -- I think Mr. Baxter said the average size of a -- of an elementary school in Montgomery County is 700 students. So each grade has 125. If you have dozens of students walking out, making arrangements for those students to have adequate space and supervision and alternative instruction, I think, is -- is infeasible. And that's --

Justice Kavanaugh: But then they do it for all sorts of other opt-outs.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: They don't do it for all sorts of other opt-outs. There's a limited Official 132 universe of things that students can opt out from. The family life and healthy sexuality curriculum stands alone. It is mandated by the state. It is something where you're able to predict precisely when the curriculum is going to be deployed. There's a four --

Justice Kavanaugh: It's the most similar substantively to what we have here, and there's an opt-out allowed there. I guess I'm not understanding why Montgomery County School Board stands alone, I think, in the country. You can tell me if there's another school board that's done something like this in both --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't -- I apologize.

Justice Kavanaugh: -- in both the kind of books that are being used and prohibiting opt-outs. And I guess I'm just not understanding. The whole -- goal, I think, of some of our religion precedents is to look for the win/win, to look for the situation where you can respect the religious beliefs and accommodate the religious beliefs while the Official 133 state or city or whatever it may be can pursue its goals. And, here, they're not asking you to change what's taught in the classroom. They're not asking you to change that at all. A lot of the rhetoric suggests that they might have -- that's a -- that they were trying to do that, but that's not what they're trying to do. They're only seeking to be able to walk out so that they don't have -- so the parents don't have their children exposed to these things that are contrary to their own beliefs.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I understand, Your Honor. And there may well be circumstances where a school can -- or a school district can engineer the win/win. Montgomery County schools tried to accomplish an educational goal of introducing these books for a particular purpose. They then attempted to accommodate religious opt-outs in the school, and they weren't able.

Justice Jackson: Mr. Schoenfeld, what is that purpose? I mean, I thought the answer to Official 134 Justice Kavanaugh's question was that the School Board was explicit that the books were to be used only to supplement the English language arts curriculum as reading instruction and not to teach about gender or sexuality. So it wasn't as though the books were being introduced for the purpose of enhancing the gender and sexuality component --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Absolutely.

Justice Jackson: -- and, therefore, people can opt out of that whole thing. It was that we're talking about English here. And, in addition to the other kinds of picture books we have on the shelf and we talk about in class, we're going to introduce these books as well. I think that seems pretty infeasible in English, when you're talking about reading instruction, that every time this particular kind of book comes out, we have to start letting people leave the classroom.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I agree with you. And I think it goes beyond the readings of the book because -- as Justice Sotomayor quoted the language sought in the injunction. Official 135 I do think that in the context of a classroom, where one student is having a discussion with another, or a student comes in from the playground and asks the teacher to define a particular concept, or someone said my brother's transgender, what does that mean, I think those are all within the scope of the right that the Petitioners are urging here and would require the sort of accommodation that they want --

Justice Kavanaugh: I don't think --

Justice Gorsuch: Counsel --

Justice Kavanaugh: -- they're talking about anything student on student.

Justice Gorsuch: Yeah.

Justice Kavanaugh: So I --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So --

Justice Kavanaugh: -- I disagree with what you just said, that that's within the scope.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- I -- I disagree with you. I understand why there -- they might read it that way, but I think in -- if you think about the way a third-grade classroom operates and you think about the fact that there are some Official 136 students sitting in the corner and they say: This is a great book, I'm going to take it off the shelf, and three and then five and then nine students gather around to read it, and they say: Teacher, I want you to come over and watch us doing that, all of those things, I think, fall within the -- definition of "curriculum" at that lower grades. It's -- it's mayhem. And the ability of teachers to manage the line between what is curriculum content coming directly from the teacher and coming indirectly from the sort of socialization in the classroom, I think, is very hard to draw.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Justice Thomas?

Justice Thomas: You -- in -- in, I think, chatting with Justice Kavanaugh, you mentioned that the opt-out was unworkable because there were so many students who opted out. What did you mean by that?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So the -- the record is limited on this point, but the Hazel declaration talks about the fact that principals Official 137 reported to the School Board that there was high absenteeism and gave the example of one school where dozens of students were opting out.

Justice Thomas: Was that because they found the materials objectionable or -- for religious reasons or what?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So -- there are two different paragraphs of her declaration that speak to this fact. In that paragraph, it doesn't specify. Elsewhere in the declaration it makes clear that many of the opt-out requests were not religious in nature and parents objected, for example, to the age-appropriateness of materials, have nothing to do with religious prohibitions.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Alito?

Justice Alito: Well, we've had a discussion of many different tests and precedents and hypotheticals, but let me just draw back to what's going on in this particular case and -- and get your reaction to this. So you have a case where some of the plaintiffs are devout Muslims. They say: We have a solemn religious obligation to raise our children as Muslims, and that involves certain Official 138 moral principles that we want to instill in our children, and the school is teaching our children moral principles that are in conflict with ours. And we pay taxes to support the public schools, but we don't have enough money to send our children to private schools. And one of us can't stay home and provide home-schooling. So we just want to be able to take our children out of the part of the instruction that we find objectionable. And what's your response to that? Your response to that is just: Well, it's too bad, all right? This is the public school and the public school can teach what the public school wants. And you don't like that. Well, you can take your -- you can send your -- your children to private schools.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: There's no indifference to the religious beliefs of the Petitioners in this case. The school did what it could to accommodate those views. There are simply circumstances in which what the Petitioner or what any plaintiff recognizes that a burden on their religious belief is not a Official 139 legally cognizable one given legal and practical justifications.

Justice Alito: Well, it's nice that you say that they respect the parents' religious beliefs, but, basically, your answer is it's just too bad.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I think my answer --

Justice Alito: You've got to send your school -- your children to school. You can't afford to send them to any place except a public school, unlike, you know, most of the lawyers who argue cases here, they can send their children to -- to private schools, and they think that that's the way most of the world is. But it's not. It's just too bad.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: My answer is that public schools are democratically controlled for a reason. The School Board here is democratically elected. The entire process of adopting this curriculum is open and transparent. These books are on review for 30 days before they're even made part of the curriculum. There is then a multi-level appeal process. There is plenty of opportunity for Official 140 parental insight. And just to draw an analogy to another case from this Court, in Bowen versus Roy, there was no dispute that the assignment of a Social Security number would rob Little Bird of the Snow of her spirit. And this Court made the judgment in that case that, fully crediting the sincerity of that belief and fully crediting what the parents described as the imposition on their daughter, there was still some breathing room that the government needed to be given to operate in that case.

Justice Alito: And you think that providing a -- an opt-out under these circumstances, where you already allow opt-outs from the health class and opt-outs for other things, is comparable to what the plaintiffs were asking for in that case?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't think it's comparable in terms of what the plaintiffs were asking for in that case. I do think that under a doctrine where you can't question the sincerity of the beliefs -- and so, in that case, there was the most dire consequence for Little Bird of the Official 141 Snow. There is simply no way for -- for the government feasibly to honor the -- the consequences of treating each person's individual religious belief, no matter how sincere, no matter how serious, as a burden that triggers the entire scrutiny apparatus that comes after it.

Justice Alito: So your answer to the parents that I -- I talked about, which are real parents here, is just, well, if you -- you don't like this, you've got to get involved in politics and run for the school board and change it through politics. But, basically, the -- public schools can do pretty much whatever they think is correct as far as the curriculum is concerned?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't agree with the second part of your answer. I don't think it's true that the public schools can do whatever they want. There are clear lines to be drawn. This Court has drawn them in cases like Kennedy and Barnette and Town of Greece in a different context. But I -- I -- I -- I certainly don't think it's true that public schools -- Official

Justice Alito: All right. One -- one last question. You -- you say that history is -- is on your side. History and tradition include not only the -- it stretches back to the dawn of American public education that parents can't get opt-outs, right? That's what history shows us?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct.

Justice Alito: And you -- and one of the cases you cite to support that is a decision by the Maryland -- the Maine Supreme Court, Donahoe versus Richards, decided in 1854?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct.

Justice Alito: And what was involved in that case?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: In -- that case involved a Catholic student who did not want to be required to read the King James Bible. I fully credit --

Justice Alito: She was expelled.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: And she was expelled. And I fully credit that that was -- that reeks of anti-Catholic bias, as this Court has recognized in other contexts. The point in that case -- Official

Justice Alito: I -- I understand, but why did you cite that as support for the history that you think supports you?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Because --

Justice Alito: The history is that -- that public schools did all sorts of things that might violate the Constitution today.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: The point was in response to Petitioners' invocation of a much more recent history about opt-outs from sex education.

Justice Alito: All right. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Sotomayor?

Justice Sotomayor: Mr. Schoenfeld, you talked about the review parent -- process for parents. They don't have to run for the school board. It's a fairly complicated four levels of review if a parent objects, correct?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct. There's a process for adopting curriculum as part of the school materials as instructional materials at the beginning, and then, if parents don't like it, either at that point in time or at some later point in time given how it's being used, Official 144 they can appeal it to the school -- the deputy superintendent for instruction, the superintendent, the school board, the -- the Maryland State School Board. And, in fact, we cite a case in our papers where the parents objected to the classification of these materials outside of the family life and -- and human sexuality unit, and that case went through the state school board and is now working its way through the Maryland state courts.

Justice Sotomayor: Now at least two of the books, it was represented, were removed from the curricula as a result of this appeal process?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't know where they were in the appeal process, but they were removed from the curriculum as part of the ordinary review process, correct.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. Now Justice Alito didn't -- I'd like you to address Justice Gorsuch's point. Justice Barrett questioned whether this is really a public benefit because attendance is coerced. So, if it's not a public benefit, that leaves us, in part, with discrimination. And I Official 145 think you said to Justice Gorsuch that you still need a burden even if you treat people differently because of their religion?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct.

Justice Sotomayor: There is a line or circuit split -- there was recently -- on that very issue whether a de minimis burden qualifies or doesn't. And we said no, a de -- minimis burden doesn't qualify -- doesn't eliminate the discrimination. But there has to be a difference of some meaning. Is it your point that this is not being treated differently?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I don't think that there's any facial or non-facial discrimination here. The opt-out applied to all -- to all aspects of the curriculum previously, and then there are no opt-out rights for any aspect of the curriculum. The things that people are able to opt out of are non-curricular, like Valentine's Day or Halloween parties, or they fall within the family life and human sexuality. So there's --

Justice Sotomayor: Is that distinction alone -- there are some who would Official 146 argue that that distinction alone is not neutrally applicable?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think, under Tandon, it is neutral and generally applicable. The question in Tandon is whether any secular activity is being treated better than any comparable religious activity. And there's nothing like that here. There's no distinction being made in either version of the policy between secular and religious. There's nothing intrinsically religious about these opt-outs. Many of them were taken for non-religious reasons. So, under any of the Court's tests, including Master P Cake -- Masterpiece Cakeshop, I don't think there's anything that gives rise to even an inference of discrimination that would trigger some distinct analysis that might not require a burden.

Justice Sotomayor: Why is this different than Masterpiece? In Masterpiece, it was a board member.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Well, in Masterpiece Cakeshop, it was an adjudicative context. And the Court made very clear in that context that Official 147 it was addressing the question of whether a party whose case is being decided by the adjudicative body had been discriminated against and, therefore, had been pressured or coerced into adopting a religious belief. The Court is explicitly clear in Masterpiece that it was not opining on whether that analysis is appropriate in the legislative or executive context.

Justice Sotomayor: If we reply on the statements of isolated board members, we're in a real pickle, aren't we?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah, and I think that that's what Justice -- Justice Scalia pointed out in Lukumi and other cases, where he said it's folly to try to identify individual statements made in the democratic process and rely on the individual statements of legislators.

Justice Sotomayor: You called the statements by that one board member that Justice Gorsuch read as intemperate. There were some. But the examples that were provided about xenophobes or white racists were in the concept of the extent of public disruption that would occur if an exemption was given to everyone for Official 148 any reason, correct?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Certainly, the prompt for it was not anything about a particular religious person or a particular set of religious beliefs. It was in the context of a discussion about whether opt-outs should be allowed at all for any reason.

Justice Sotomayor: And it was disruption that that board member was concentrating?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct.

Justice Sotomayor: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kagan?

Justice Kagan: Mr. Schoenfeld, I think it would be fair to say that Mr. Baxter and Ms. Harris did not want to draw lines, that, you know, if there was material and it was being used in instruction in whatever way it was being used to whatever age kids with respect to whatever subject matter, if there was a parent who had some sincere religious objection to that, that that parent would be allowed to opt out. And when I pushed Mr. Baxter a little bit on that as to the consequences of it, he Official 149 said, you know, like, I don't want to draw lines for you, but, really, the problems, the problems here, the places we see objections are in a much more limited set of cases. We don't -- we don't see a lot of objections in high schools. We don't see a lot of objections about evolution classes. You know, we -- is that true? And should we count on it being true? And how can we tell if it's true?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So two answers, Justice Kagan. The first is I don't think you can count on it being true for exactly the reason Your Honor gave, which is, once this Court constitutionalizes that prerogative, you're in a completely different world in terms of parents' willingness or ability to invoke it. And with respect to the question of whether it is empirically true, the best data point is the last 40 years of litigation on this topics. And I think the Superintendents' brief in support of neither party, Professor Lupu's brief, and also the NEA brief just recount for you the dozens of cases to all aspects of the curriculum that have been brought over the last 40 years. And the way that courts have Official 150 controlled for the volume of those cases is to stop the inquiry at the burden stage and hold consistently in those cases while fully acknowledging that there may be circumstances that give rise to coercion, fully recognizing that exposure to ideas, even if they offend religious beliefs, do not qualify as a burden for free exercise purposes.

Justice Kagan: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Gorsuch?

Justice Gorsuch: I just want to make sure I understand a -- a few thing -- fact things and then a law question. What age do you in Montgomery County teach students normally about human sexuality?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think that it begins in either fourth or fifth grade.

Justice Gorsuch: The human sexuality class?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: That family life and human sexuality curriculum.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I'm not entirely sure. Official

Justice Gorsuch: Starts in fourth or fifth grade, you think?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think so.

Justice Gorsuch: Is there anything you can point us to in the record on that?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I don't think so.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. And, second, these books are being used in English class?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: The division between English class and other things in a second grade classroom doesn't really exist. You're sort of in a room with a teacher and some kids are in a --

Justice Gorsuch: No, I -- I appreciate that. I -- I went to second grade too. (Laughter.)

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah.

Justice Gorsuch: But -- but -- but it's -- it's part of the English curriculum that these books are being used in? That's -- I thought that was clear.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah. I'm not -- I'm not fighting the premise. I'm just saying that the lines are -- Official

Justice Gorsuch: It's not the math class.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It is not the --

Justice Gorsuch: It's not the human sexuality class. It's -- it's the English class.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It's certainly not the human sexuality class.

Justice Gorsuch: Yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I'm just sort of fighting the premise that there's a neat distinction.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. And they're being used in -- in English language instruction at age 3, some of them?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So Pride Puppy was the book that was used for the prekindergarten curriculum. That's no longer in the curriculum.

Justice Gorsuch: That's the one where they are supposed to look for the leather and things -- and bondage, things like that, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It's not bondage.

Justice Gorsuch: A sex --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It's a woman in a leather -- Official

Justice Gorsuch: -- sex worker, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: No.

Justice Gorsuch: No?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: That's not correct. No.

Justice Gorsuch: I thought -- I thought -- my gosh, I -- I read it.

Justice Barrett: It's a drag queen in drag.

Justice Gorsuch: Drag -- drag queen in -- a drag queen.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So -- correct. The leather that they're pointing to is a woman in a leather jacket, and one of the words is drag queen in this --

Justice Gorsuch: And they're supposed to look for those?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It is an option at the end of the book, correct.

Justice Gorsuch: Yeah. Okay. And your -- you've included these in the English language curriculum rather than the human sexuality curriculum to influence students, is that fair? That's what the district court Official 154 found. Do you agree with that?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think, to the extent the district court found that it was to influence, it was to influence them towards civility, the natural consequence of being exposed to --

Justice Gorsuch: Whatever, but to influence them.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: In the manner that I just mentioned, yes.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. And responding to parents who are concerned, you agree that this -- there was some intemperate language used?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't know that those were responding to parents who were concerned. This was after the fact for most of these comments. And this was in a very public setting which obviously got heated and some intemperate comments were used, certainly.

Justice Gorsuch: Yeah. And -- and I -- I wanted to understand your -- your -- your -- your context that you were giving about the statement that some Muslim families -- it's unfortunate that this -- that this issue puts Official 155 some Muslim families on the same side of an issue as white supremacists and outright bigots. I -- I think, in response to Justice Sotomayor, you were trying to give some context to that?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't think I was speaking directly about that comment. I think that comment was given or was made in June, which was several months after the decision to withdraw the opt-outs was made. I don't have context for that statement, no.

Justice Gorsuch: Okay. And then the legal question. Why isn't discrimination against religion a burden on religion? If -- if -- if -- if a state -- now this is hypothetical, not -- moving away from the record. If -- if state actors intentionally discriminate against religion, what secular purpose, valid secular purpose could that serve? And how -- how wouldn't that be a burden?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I -- I don't know -- I mean, it depends on the hypothetical, what the state is doing and whether there is a secular purpose. It's hard to imagine one. Official 156 But, if the state is discriminating --

Justice Gorsuch: Against Muslims or Catholics or Protestants or whatever.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think this Court has recognized that when an enactment that discriminates on its face -- or has recognized with respect to an enactment that discriminates on its face, it is intrinsically coercive. That's how the Court has performed the burden inquiry. If you are privileging one religion over another, you are coercing people to subscribe to that particular set of beliefs in order to get --

Justice Gorsuch: So that's a burden.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah. Absolutely.

Justice Gorsuch: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Kavanaugh?

Justice Kavanaugh: A few things. On exposure, you've used that term, I believe, to include not just exposure in the sense of the book on the shelf but also the communication of those ideas by the teacher in the classroom. Official

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Correct.

Justice Kavanaugh: And that's not usually, I think, what we think of as exposure as opposed to instruction, but --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Well, the -- the question presented is about participation and instruction, which was precisely one of the things that the Barnettes objected to in being present for the flag ceremony. But I -- I think it's analogous to Kennedy, right? The -- the question there was whether people were merely exposed to Coach Kennedy's prayer, even though the Court acknowledged that people might see it, people might hear it, and people might be offended by the content of it.

Justice Kavanaugh: Okay. And on -- on Justice Kagan's question about the no lines, I took that to be the position of Petitioners and the United States with respect to burden in the sense that you can have a substantial -- you can claim a religious objection or burden to lots of different things, and people do, but that the line-drawing occurs when you do the strict scrutiny analysis. Official 158 Is that not your understanding?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I don't know what you're asking if it's my understanding of, but let me try to answer it this way.

Justice Kavanaugh: Is that your understanding of their position? In other words, that they do draw lines, but it's at the strict scrutiny stage?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Well, the -- the question presented to the Court is obviously limited to burden, and what I understood Justice Kagan's exchange with Petitioners' counsel to reflect is that there is no way to draw a line once you are relying on the Petitioners' --

Justice Kavanaugh: As to substantial burden, but once you get to strict scrutiny, as some of our cases reveal, Social Security numbers, et cetera, there are -- there is line-drawing once you do that. In other words, just because you have a religious objection to something doesn't mean you win. You agree with that, I think, in our case law?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah, absolutely, though, in Bowen, the Court stopped at the Official 159 burden inquiry at least with respect to the government's own use of the Social Security number.

Justice Kavanaugh: And you've mentioned a few times that the school board was democratically elected, democratically controlled, and being on the school board's a hard job, so, you know, we all respect that. But -- you know, that can't be the end of it, right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Absolutely not, no. And I -- I didn't mean to --

Justice Kavanaugh: -- liberty -- we're -- we're -- we're here to protect the liberty in the Constitution from the democratic excess.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Absolutely. And so that was not my intention at all. It was to respond to a specific question about what options parents have. And among them, I think, is wresting control of the school board, implementing their preferred policies, or participating even in the curriculum selection process.

Justice Kavanaugh: And then I -- I Official 160 don't think you answered this or maybe we got past it last time. Do you -- are you aware of any other county or city school board that has something similar to what's going on here?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I'm not, but I think that the other side of the ledger is overstated because what is described in the amicus briefs about what other school boards and other states do is limited to -- what we traditionally consider health education. So I'm not -- I'm not certain that there is a large number of other states or county school boards that allow opt-outs from any curriculum for any reason.

Justice Kavanaugh: And then, last point, just to comment, and you can respond to it as you want, but Maryland was founded on religious liberty and religious tolerance, a haven for Catholics -- escaping persecution in England going back to 1649. I'm sure you're aware of this history. And Montgomery County has been a beacon of that religious liberty for all these years with a strong Catholic population, a substantial Jewish population, lots of different Official 161 Protestant. I mean, you drive down any -- any -- Connecticut Avenue or Georgia Avenue, you know, you see religious building after religious building. And I guess I'm surprised given that this is, you know, this is the hill we're going to die on in terms of not respecting religious liberty given that history. And so history comes up. I just want to give you a chance to respond to how you situate that in Maryland and Montgomery County's history.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Every school board walks a tightrope, as this Court has recognized and other courts have recognized. It's a difficult job balancing the interests of a diverse community. Montgomery County Public Schools are the most religiously diverse in the country. There may be different ways to handle this under other circumstances. Montgomery County did its best under these circumstances given their curricular goals. That seems to me a fundamentally different question and it's an important one, but it is a fundamentally different question about whether there's a Official 162 constitutional right to opt your child out of curriculum that you deem religiously offensive.

Justice Kavanaugh: Thank you. This is a tough case to argue. I appreciate it. Thank you.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Thanks, Your Honor.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Barrett?

Justice Barrett: I just want to ask you a couple questions about the instructional materials. So part of the conversation today has been about exposure and whether this is about teaching civility, and so I just wanted to read you a couple things from the instructional materials to get your reaction of how, if at all, this plays into the analysis. So I don't understand Petitioners to be arguing that, you know, there was an objection to being taught respect and kindness to those who have different beliefs. I understood them to be more focused on things like, you know, this is an instruction to the teacher, "If a student observes that a girl can only like boys because she's a girl, the Board suggested that the teacher disrupt the Official 163 student's either/or thinking by saying something like: Actually, people of any gender can like whoever they like." You know, or, on the transgender issue, "When we're born, people make a guess about our gender and label us boy or girl based on our body parts. Sometimes they're right; sometimes they're wrong. When someone's transgender, they guess wrong. When someone's cisgender, they guessed right." So, you know, it's kind of along those things, which seem to be more about influence, right, and shaping of ideas and less about communicating respect because it's less about communicating respect for those, you know, who -- who are transgender, who are gay, and more about how to think about sexuality. What is your take on that and how we think about this, whether this really is just about exposure and civility and learning to function in a multicultural and diverse society and how much of it is about influence or, as Petitioners would say, indoctrination?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Certainly. I think what you quoted, Your Honor, are suggested Official 164 responses or proposed responses for age-appropriate ways to respond to questions that may arise in response to these texts or otherwise. The same response about disrupt the either/or thinking is given when someone says dresses are for girls, boys can't paint their nails, those are boy toys. These are simply ways of contextualizing the information that's being learned and to give students the predicates for being able to respect each other. The school -- the -- the express directive from the school is you don't need to understand your peers, you don't need to agree with them, you don't need to affirm with them, but you do need to treat them with respect. When ensuring that that goal is met in the classroom has the incidental sort of implication of answering a direct question about what it means to be transgender, that's an option that's offered to a teacher. There are certainly -- under certain circumstances where use of these materials or different comments if a teacher were to say something pejorative or negative or begin to treat students differently Official 165 in terms -- in terms of allocation of sort of resources in the classroom based on how they responded to that, that's a coercion claim, but simply explaining to students what fundamental concepts are so that they can treat each other with respect, I think, is no different than --

Justice Barrett: Well, but those things that I read were more than about respect. It was more about kind of what I was talking with you about before, like 2 plus 2 is 4. Like, this is how it is. You know, gender is not something that can be identified at birth, for example. So, I mean, I guess that that is one way of teaching -- teaching respect because it's saying, you know, it's validating the other world view here, the one that's different from Petitioners, by saying no, no, no, this is right. This is how we should understand that. And so that is why you should respect and treat with kindness or one could say I understand -- and -- and some of the instructional materials did frame it this way, the way I'm about to say -- which is you might not agree or this might be different, but we have to respect Official 166 and -- and --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Certainly.

Justice Barrett: -- and treat everyone with kindness. So I don't understand Petitioners to be objecting to the latter kinds of statements. I understand them to be objecting to the "this is the way it is" kind of statements.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I understand them to be objecting to all of it --

Justice Barrett: To all of it?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- including just using the books with none of those materials. The only --

Justice Barrett: Yeah, I -- I -- I agree, sorry.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah.

Justice Barrett: I'm just talking about the instruction.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Oh, I'm sorry.

Justice Barrett: Yeah, yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I think you and I see it the same way.

Justice Barrett: Yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: With respect to the Official 167 instructional materials, though, if we are in a world where you and I are parsing which of these materials are impermissible or give rise to a burden on the impermissible side of the line from the others, the record is woefully underdeveloped on that point. These books were in use for nine months before Petitioners sued. There's not a single factual statement in any of these declarations or anything else that explains how these supporting materials were used. It may well be the case that no second grade teacher ever uttered the words that you just quoted.

Justice Barrett: But I think what Petitioners said in their argument is that we're at the preliminary injunction stage, and the instructional materials were given to the teachers, and I think the instructional materials reflect what the Board hoped to accomplish by introducing these books into the classroom. And so what they're saying is before -- we don't want to wait for the teacher to say this to our child. Our whole point is we know that this is part of the Board's curricular Official 168 choice, we know that these are the instructional materials that are given to the teachers, and we don't want our child to be exposed to that. And so, frankly, if they got the injunction they were asking for, you know, then they wouldn't -- would never be uttered.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah. I -- I don't dispute anything you're saying. I think the relevant inquiry takes account of that temporal dimension --

Justice Barrett: Yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- for something -- essentially a pre-enforcement challenge here. It would not have been difficult if this was being used rampantly and impermissibly in classrooms for them to find an -- a declarant who didn't need to be a Petitioner to say this is what's going on in this classroom. There are hundreds --

Justice Barrett: But they didn't have to have that for a PI --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: They have to show --

Justice Barrett: -- right?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits. And to Official 169 say --

Justice Barrett: And it's not a reasonable likelihood of success or that this is -- this injury is imminent to say this is what teachers have been given as a suggested discussion guide?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: This was distributed to 130 teachers in August of 2022 for teachers who voluntarily attended one of these materials and was otherwise made generally available. It's not a script. You're not required to answer that particular question if it arises with that particular verbatim response. I don't know any second grade teacher who could. So I do think some more particularized showing is required for someone to prevail even at the preliminary injunction stage.

Justice Barrett: So, last question, do you agree that it was the purpose of the Board to try to disrupt students' thinking and -- and make them see -- to disrupt their thinking and have them not see gender as binary and to accept, you know -- basically accept LGBTQ relationships and ideas in -- in this way, kind of the ways that I -- I just read? Official

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think the goal -- I want to answer your question directly.

Justice Barrett: Yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think the goal was to teach mutual respect. I think, to the extent that students were unable to display mutual respect for their peers without having some further understanding that boys can play with girls' toys, for example, then that was absolutely part of the curriculum.

Justice Barrett: So it was part of the curriculum to teach them that boys can be girls or boys can -- or that your pronouns can change depending on how you feel one day to the next? That was part of the goal?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I think you're quoting from a book that was not part of the curriculum, but let me just set that aside.

Justice Barrett: Well, I thought that was an Inter- -- I -- I might -- they might be blending --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: They blend together. Yeah.

Justice Barrett: -- together in my mind. I thought that was from Inter- -- I Official 171 thought that was from the Allies book.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I -- I don't think --

Justice Barrett: The IntersectionAllies?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I don't think so.

Justice Barrett: No?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I think there may be a quotation from the --

Justice Barrett: Penelope's --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- teachers' user guide at the end, but --

Justice Barrett: Okay. Oh, at the end of IntersectionAllies?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah.

Justice Barrett: Oh.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: It may be, though I -- I recall it being a quote from another. It doesn't matter.

Justice Barrett: Yeah.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: So I -- I think the way that these support materials are framed are to help a teacher answer a student's question when he says, in this book, there's a boy who says that he's a girl; how can you be a girl when you were born a boy? And it's one resource Official 172 to provide teachers with an answer to that question. The alternative was to provide nothing to the teachers, which I think would abdicate the School Board's responsibility to ensure that their teachers are equipped to do their job.

Justice Barrett: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Justice Jackson?

Justice Jackson: So -- two quick final points. For those of us who are trying to get a handle on the potential administrative challenges of notice and opt-out rights, would you be recommending that we look at the student -- the School Superintendents Association amicus brief? Because I thought that's what they were focusing on, that here are actual potential administrative challenges. Is that --

Alan E. Schoenfeld: Yeah. I think that's a --

Justice Jackson: -- one of the resources?

Alan E. Schoenfeld: -- that's a -- that resource is well worthwhile, I think, for two Official 173 reasons. The first is it goes through 40 years of litigation on this going back to Mozert, and it has I think a bulleted list of all of the things that parents have raised even under the sort of ancien régime where these were not treated as burdens. And, second, I think it makes a persuasive case about the administrability of the isolated family life and health education options.

Justice Jackson: All right. And, finally, as I understand your response to Justice Alito's question about what religious parents are supposed to do, I understood you to say that parents with religious objections can vote for members of the school board, they can go to school board meetings, they can object to the curriculum. Maybe the school board will agree with them, at which point we don't have a problem, or maybe they won't. And if they don't agree, those parents in Montgomery County at least can pull their students out of school and home-school them or send them somewhere else. But, under Petitioners' rule, as I understand it, parents who lose through the democratic process, who are not able to get the Official 174 curriculum tailored in their local school boards the way that they would like, would have another option, and that option would be to go to federal court. And so, instead of having democratically elected representatives and experts in the field making the decision about which books should be taught to kids in the classroom, you have federal judges flipping through the picture books and deciding whether these are appropriate for five-year-olds. I mean, I don't know how we would even go about that. It seems pretty troubling because, ordinarily, public education has been the subject of local control. We typically lack the specialized knowledge and experience to know what, you know, should be taught to kids and how and to look at the instruction manual and say, is this a proper response? So that's kind of a concern, I think. And I also think it's a concern that these questions don't always have one answer. Maybe, maybe, in one community, one set of values, these books are fine, but in another community with a different set of -- values, they're not. And it's sort of the local process Official 175 that allows that to cash out where people live, that allow their values to get expressed in the context of schools. And if we constitutionalize that, I wonder if we're going to have a real problem in terms of people with different values not being able to have a -- a say in their local community as to what their kids learn.

Alan E. Schoenfeld: I agree with all of that, and I think it goes back to Justice Kagan's point earlier where I think you described it as a sort of hydraulic pressure, which is, once you constitutionalize it, I think you'll see an entirely different generation of challenges to school curriculum. So the last 40 years are the natural experiment, where courts used burden as a meaningful filtering system for mere exposure to offensive ideas in the classroom versus where the presentation of the curriculum was becoming impermissibly coercive. I grant that there are limits on what schools can do with their time when students are in the classroom. But exposing them to different ideas, even ideas that offend their family's religious beliefs or make it more Official 176 difficult for their families to raise them in the faith, simply doesn't qualify as a burden for purposes -- for the purposes in front of us. And I think that that burden analysis always has to be carried out in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, which I think, Justice Jackson, is precisely what you're getting at. A very important part of the special characteristics of the school environment are the fact that federal courts are not meant to sit as school boards in deciding these curriculum disputes. And I think my colloquy with Justice Alito illustrates that. If the question really turns on whether one reads Uncle Bobby's Wedding one way versus the other way, courts are going to be enmeshed in the most fine-grained disputes about how to treat curricular materials.

Justice Jackson: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Rebuttal, Mr. Baxter. REBUTTAL ARGUMENT OF ERIC S. BAXTER ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Eric S. Baxter: I'd like to start with Official 177 four corrections to the record. First, the book What Are Your Words is the book where the -- children are told that their pronouns can change day to day. At 80 -- and this is in the district court's opinion. At 80a in the Cert Appendix, note 1, the district court found that this book and others were recommended. There are certain books that were part of this curriculum, but there are potentially hundreds of others that the Board says you can use as part of this. There was a question about why this -- you know, why isn't there more evidence from early on? Because there were opt-outs and the Board insisted over and over that there were opt-outs. We also know that the principals' letter didn't come in 'til November of 2022 saying that teachers were uncomfortable presenting this material, it was age-inappropriate, they didn't want to be talking about romance between two kids on the playground regardless of their sexual orientation. On the question of use, I would refer to C05 -- or 605 in the Cert Appendix, where Official 178 Hazel, the Board's representative, said that they have to be used as part of instruction. 657 when they announced they were blocking the opt-outs, they said teachers must utilize with all students. These books are definitely being read by the teachers as part of the curriculum. And it's also at 63 of the district court transcript. And then also a question about when sex ed starts. The Board's and the -- the state's mandated regulation is in the record. It's at pages 62 through 83 of the Joint Appendix. There, you start in pre-K with instruction that parents can -- or families can come in all different forms with all different kinds of parents, different kinds of gender identities and expressions. The same things that are being taught through the school -- schoolbooks, you can opt out when it comes up during health class but not during story time, which -- in which there's no instruction about how to use these -- these books to develop characters, a narrative arc, or anything else that you would expect in an English class. This was not a democratic process. Official 179 Withdrawing these overnight, comparing parents to xenophobes and white supremacists, this can't be part of the -- of the democratic process. The line-drawing problem is on the Board's side. I'm -- I'm confused now about what exposure is. If you can -- are you being exposed to the Prophet Muhammad, that's not okay, but if you're being instructed something derogatory about him, that is -- you can't get an opt-out? Is it -- what does it mean to be derogatory to someone who is in the third grade? And the 40-year issue of litigation I think proves the exact opposite point. If you look at those cases in, for example, the NEA brief, those are Establishment Clause cases. They are curriculum challenges, where we agree that the Plaintiffs should lose. There are cases where people got a -- got a -- got relief and still sued. And a lot of them were resolved under strict scrutiny. So -- and half the circuits have never even addressed this question. This is a question of first impression in the Fourth Circuit. So there's no sense that these issues are going to create lots of kinds of problems. Official 180 As far as feasibility, counsel made lots of arguments that are not in the record. This was their burden. The evidence was in their control. They could have put it into the record. It's not there. On a preliminary injunction, they should be held to their burden. We've been doing this for two years. Our clients are making great sacrifice to send their kids to private school, to home-school. They've moved out of the county. They're not knowing what their kids are being taught.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel.

Eric S. Baxter: If -- if the First Amendment means that --

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you.

Eric S. Baxter: -- you are going to be forced to pay, coerced to attend, indoctrinated, and then told your --

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel.

Eric S. Baxter: Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: The case is submitted. Official 181 (Whereupon, at 12:37 p.m., the case was submitted.) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Official $ 8 activities [2] 36:13,14 age-inappropriate [1] among [6] 3:18 70:6 75:14 activity[4] 51:2 108:13 177:20 102:1 121:14 159:20 $25,000 [1] 4:20 8 [1] 105:24 146:6,7 ages [3] 25:15 55:12 67:18 analogous [2] 96:22 157: 80 [1] 177:4 actors [1] 155:18 ago [1] 25:7 10 80a [1] 177:5 actual [3] 28:15 114:17 agree [29] 13:16 14:17 26:2, analogy [1] 140:2 [2] 57:3 177:6 83 [1] 178:12 172:18 12 38:8 66:20,25 67:1 68: analysis [20] 4:3 24:2 40: [1] 105:24 actually [27] 5:22 25:13 41: 12 71:24 76:16 92:13 97: 12 44:24 50:9 59:9,24 67: 10:08 [2] 1:15 3:2 47:16,23 49:16 51:3 52: 16 102:5 105:16 124:20 8 83:17 86:10 111:20 121: 100 [2] 2:11 126:23 9:00 [1] 129:20 2,16,21 53:22 54:21 56:11 134:22 141:17 154:1,13 4 122:3,3,5 146:18 147:7 [2] 26:2,2 99 [1] 126:22 59:16 61:12 62:17 63:17 158:22 164:14 165:24 166: 157:25 162:16 176:4 12:37 [1] 181:1 A 64:5 70:11 89:5 90:1 92: 16 169:19 173:18,20 175:8 analyze [1] 46:23 125 [1] 131:17 130 [2] 117:9 169:8 a.m [2] 1:15 3:2 14,17 115:21 116:21 117:9 179:16 analyzed [1] 61:7 [2] 67:18 70:11 abandon [2] 43:19 117:23 163:2 agreed [1] 26:23 ancien [1] 173:5 [1] 8:3 abdicate [1] 172:4 add [3] 14:13 31:12 94:7 ahead [3] 73:9 115:17 120: animosity [1] 42:20 [1] 98:17 ability[9] 3:25 20:14 21:22 addition [3] 82:18 86:21 17 animus-type [1] 81:22 16-year-old [1] 15:24 43:15 58:11 78:20 109:6 134:13 akin [1] 112:16 Anne [1] 37:20 16-year-olds [1] 70:5 136:9 149:16 additional [1] 113:20 AL [2] 1:3,6 announced [3] 7:7 36:25 1649 [1] 160:20 able [24] 7:19 12:24 17:12, address [4] 33:6 85:20 ALAN [4] 1:24 2:10 100:9 178:3 17-year-old [2] 31:20,24 15 26:13 56:17 59:5 67:14 112:12 144:20 130:5 annoyed [1] 126:16 176 [1] 2:14 75:9 80:16 107:2 114:12 addressed [1] 179:22 aligning [1] 42:16 Another [21] 4:19 38:12 42: [1] 104:9 128:16 129:19 130:2,16 addressing [1] 147:1 ALITO [47] 12:12,14 13:11 13 48:23 56:1,6 61:20 63: 1854 [1] 142:12 132:4 133:9,22 138:9 145: Adele [1] 64:20 14:6,9 25:9,10,21,25 27:1, 1 75:8 81:1,12 82:2 91:1 164:11 173:25 175:6 adequate [2] 51:12 131:19 16 31:6,19,19 78:7 120:12, 93:3 132:13 135:3 140:2 above-entitled [1] 1:13 adherents [1] 103:2 14 121:23 122:6,24 123:18 156:12 171:17 174:2,23 [4] 119:1,1 165:10,10 absenteeism [2] 131:12 adjudicate [1] 101:21 124:4,9,25 125:20 126:25 answer [30] 8:23 11:11 17: 2022 [3] 6:2 169:8 177:17 137:2 adjudicative [2] 146:24 128:3,15,25 129:7,12 130: 23 18:14,17 22:2 28:5 76: 2023 [1] 41:11 absolutely [15] 63:12 74: 147:3 10 137:16,17 139:3,9 140: 7 84:24,25 90:19 94:20 2025 [1] 1:11 18 81:13 82:2 93:7 117:2, adjunct [1] 117:4 13 141:8 142:1,9,14,20 107:21,23,23 113:25 115:1, [2] 1:11 41:10 5,17 123:16 134:9 156:16 administrability [4] 7:17 143:1,5,12 144:20 176:14 16 133:25 139:5,8,17 141: [1] 40:19 158:24 159:11,17 170:10 41:18 86:8 173:8 Alito's [1] 173:12 8,18 158:4 169:12 170:2 24-297 [1] 3:4 abstract [1] 97:13 administrable [3] 86:15 alleges [1] 6:22 171:22 172:1 174:21 [1] 9:11 accept [6] 77:23 102:5 107: 128:13,16 allegiance [2] 98:9 106:1 answer's [2] 94:22,24 273a [1] 6:4 4 123:9 169:23,23 administrative [2] 172:12, Allies [1] 171:1 answered [3] 14:25 113: acceptability [1] 40:2 18 allocation [1] 165:1 13 160:1 accepted [3] 17:21,22 73: admission [1] 6:18 allow [21] 9:14 16:12,14 31: answering [3] 95:22 130: [3] 2:4 25:19 152:15 11 admits [1] 9:10 15 32:1 41:25 60:22 66:7 11 164:19 [1] 139:22 accepting [1] 77:25 admitted [1] 40:8 72:11 84:1,4,4,5,6,7,11,13 answers [3] 111:2 128:10 accepts [1] 13:23 adopt [1] 115:10 87:12 140:15 160:13 175: 149:10 access [5] 17:13,15 43:20 adopted [3] 87:13 114:6, 2 ante [2] 78:21 79:6 [4] 25:19 26:2 119:1 165: 51:9 64:25 13 allowed [7] 6:14 15:17 49: anterior [1] 113:14 accommodate [6] 66:4 Adopting [4] 100:25 139: 6 114:7 132:9 148:7,22 anti-Catholic [1] 142:23 [5] 101:24 149:19,25 114:9,12 132:25 133:21 21 143:21 147:5 allowing [1] 128:7 anticipate [1] 60:9 173:1 175:15 138:22 ads [5] 93:18,23 94:5 95:12, allows [6] 4:6 16:17 24:15 anybody[3] 13:17 87:23 40-year[1] 179:12 accommodation [2] 73:5 17 66:9 71:22 175:1 123:9 [1] 7:15 135:9 advance [2] 79:15 80:17 almost [3] 46:9 49:3 88:24 apologize [2] 115:14 132: accompanied [1] 12:5 advantage [1] 51:18 alone [5] 37:12 132:3,11 16 [1] 26:1 accomplish [2] 133:19 advertisements [1] 97:3 145:25 146:1 apparatus [1] 141:6 [1] 104:4 167:20 advocate [1] 106:22 already[9] 4:17 19:9 22:21 appeal [4] 139:24 144:1,13, 547 [1] 41:15 accomplishes [1] 129:25 advocating [1] 66:22 30:1 41:20 64:14 76:18 16 accord [1] 41:1 affidavit [1] 11:13 130:16 140:15 appeals [2] 54:24 90:4 according [2] 13:1 42:8 affidavits [2] 30:5 55:10 alter [1] 83:9 appear [1] 30:7 [1] 25:24 account [2] 6:24 168:9 affirm [6] 98:8 102:6 105: altering [1] 30:9 APPEARANCES[1] 1:17 605 [1] 177:25 accurate [1] 26:25 10 106:1 122:12 164:15 alternative [8] 77:18 84:18 appears [1] 86:7 [1] 178:12 accurately [1] 45:3 affirmation [1] 92:4 89:15 101:7 129:22,24 appendix [7] 6:4,11 36:16 [3] 6:18 54:17 178:7 accused [3] 42:12,14,15 affirming [1] 100:3 131:20 172:3 41:15 177:6,25 178:13 642 [1] 6:10 achievements [1] 19:24 afford [5] 4:18 63:9,18 64: alternatives [2] 4:22 78:1 applicability [2] 35:24 84: [1] 2:8 acknowledged [1] 157:14 3 139:11 Amendment [6] 4:13 5:6 3 650 [1] 6:10 acknowledging [1] 150:4 age [18] 15:6 18:23 24:13 32:4 44:13 129:10 180:15 applicable [12] 33:3 35:18 657 [1] 178:3 across [4] 7:23 16:15 19: 26:1,3,3,19 28:11,23 29:8, America [1] 101:20 72:10 81:5,17 83:18,21 84: 674 [1] 36:16 10 100:14 10 69:19 74:10 104:9 106: American [2] 125:18 142:5 16 85:15,24 146:2,4 act [1] 108:2 24 148:19 150:15 152:15 amicus [5] 1:22 2:7 65:7 application [2] 103:11 104: acted [1] 81:4 age-appropriate [1] 164:2 160:8 172:16 3 [1] 9:11 acting [1] 122:21 age-appropriateness [1] Amish [6] 24:23 67:18 70: applied [3] 4:4 68:18 145: 700 [2] 7:23 131:16 action [3] 71:4 75:17 77:13 137:14 10 73:11 98:14 104:8 16 Sheet 1 $25,000 - applied 183 Official applies [4] 15:24 95:1 97: 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174:7,9,23 177:8 178:5, awful [1] 127:20 became [3] 6:22 102:17 Bird [2] 140:5,25 22 approval [1] 29:22 B 115:24 birth [2] 30:11 165:12 bookshelf [2] 8:19 79:10 approved [1] 25:17 becomes [2] 104:14 105:6 birthdays[1] 84:7 born [5] 3:20 110:16,16 April [1] 1:11 back [11] 9:17 18:16 28:23 becoming [1] 175:19 bit [7] 35:12 40:16,22 45:25 163:5 171:25 arc [1] 178:23 31:6 57:11 106:16 137:20 begin [1] 164:25 61:21 111:24 148:25 borne [1] 115:12 area [2] 31:16 98:7 142:5 160:20 173:2 175:9 beginning [1] 143:23 black [1] 10:16 both [5] 12:6 35:16 103:20 aren't [10] 33:7 34:11 37:12 backgrounds [1] 66:6 begins [1] 150:18 blah [3] 74:4,5,5 132:14,17 44:1 54:10 58:1 61:9 87:8 bad [4] 123:9 138:14 139:6, behalf [8] 1:18,25 2:4,11, blend [1] 170:22 Bowen [5] 94:16 97:17,18 89:20 147:11 16 14 3:8 100:10 176:24 blending [1] 170:21 140:3 158:25 argue [4] 104:19 139:13 balancing [1] 161:15 belief [17] 20:12 23:5 39:25 blocking [1] 178:3 boy[6] 110:15,16 163:6 146:1 162:4 band [1] 36:17 62:15 68:5,25 69:23 106:1 Board [66] 4:2,6,14 5:3 6:2, 164:8 171:23,25 arguing [1] 162:18 bar [1] 52:1 108:3,15 109:23 120:8 15,22 7:6,19 9:9 19:18 26: boyfriend[1] 13:21 argument [23] 1:14 2:2,5,9, Barnette [7] 22:21 52:1 74: 121:20 138:25 140:8 141: 21 40:7,21 41:6,12 42:12, boys[5] 162:24 164:7 170: 93:8,10 105:23 141:22 3:4,7 7:20 17:19 25:11 4 147:5 12 46:14 58:1 59:10,11,13 8,12,13 35:14 52:25 56:11 57:2 62: Barnettes [1] 157:8 beliefs [66] 3:24 9:22 10:22 75:17 76:2 81:8 83:22 85: bracket [1] 44:7 65:6 66:13,14 94:1 100: Barrett [67] 42:25 43:1 44: 12:1,25 13:2,10,10,16 15: 16 87:6 101:2 102:19 112: break [1] 89:12 127:2 167:15 176:23 5 45:8,11,15,20 46:21 47: 13,21 18:21 23:17 29:25 5 114:5,6,18 115:10 127:1, breathing [1] 140:10 arguments [4] 31:15 34: 10,21 48:7,18,23 49:13 50: 32:10,20,23 38:19 39:9,11 9,11 131:1 132:11,13 134: brief [12] 9:12 77:17 107:21, 8,23 51:15 52:6,10,14 81:2 66:17 180:2 40:5 42:13,22 43:20 48:20 2 137:1 139:19 141:12 23 112:13 115:3 122:8 arise [3] 20:21 89:6 164:3 87:17,18 90:5,14 115:14, 49:19,20 52:4 54:3 58:6 143:18 144:3,4,9 146:22 149:20,22,22 172:16 179: arises [2] 101:9 169:12 15,18 116:15 117:13,18 62:10 64:23 65:13 66:24 147:10,20 148:9 159:5,21 15 Arizona [2] 19:12 77:8 118:15,20 119:19 120:13, 68:4,19 69:13 79:19 91:8 160:3 161:12 162:25 167: briefed [2] 80:23,24 around [5] 19:9 20:24,25 15,18 121:22,25 144:21 99:2 100:3,16 101:20,23 19 169:20 173:15,16,17 briefs [1] 160:8 58:8 136:4 153:9 162:8,9 165:7 166:3, 102:7 103:5 104:16 107: 177:10,15 bring [3] 48:24 53:17 94:11 arrangements [2] 129:21 11,15,18,21,24 167:14 168: 12 114:24 117:23,23 122: Board's [11] 6:8 8:5 36:11 bringing [5] 19:16 45:21, 11,20,23 169:2,18 170:3, 131:18 12,15,22 123:25 132:24,25 55:4 81:24 159:7 167:25 21,23 46:2 Article [2] 36:2 89:4 11,19,24 171:3,6,9,12,15, 133:13 138:20 139:5 140: 172:5 178:1,10 179:5 broad [6] 16:19 19:10 23: articles [1] 42:8 19 172:7 24 148:5 150:7 156:13 boards [5] 5:7 160:8,12 14 25:11 59:19 77:9 articulate [1] 34:13 based [10] 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149:23 bathrooms [1] 38:5 23,24 book [50] 6:7 9:6,8,8 10:17 3 42:19 43:2,10 44:2,8,19, asserted [1] 86:7 BAXTER [125] 1:18 2:3,13 benefits [6] 65:19 82:5 97: 12:15,17 13:11,12 19:2 21: 20 45:3,12 46:24 47:11 56: assignment [2] 129:24 3:6,7,9 5:15,24 7:1,4 8:21, 21 98:1 99:14 122:14 16 37:1 47:17,20 49:6,7 21 60:12 61:5,7 63:3 67:6 140:4 25 9:9,21 10:4,7,21 11:2,6, besides [1] 97:15 57:7 69:9 70:21,23,25 72: 69:7 70:16 80:16,19 82:17, Association [1] 172:16 18,24 12:12,13,22 14:13, best [4] 51:24 97:17 149:18 19,19 74:23 78:23 79:5,25 18 83:16 86:10 88:2,24 89: assume [1] 32:20 20 15:15 16:5,10 17:6 18: 161:21 108:22 109:3 116:13,21,25 13 90:20,24 91:5,14,20,21 assuming [6] 18:21 32:18 3 19:4 20:8,20 21:3,10,14 better [5] 51:16 70:8,9,9 117:4 118:8,9 125:23 127: 92:17 93:4 97:6,16 98:23 22:1,4,20 23:4 24:4 25:4, 61:22 71:20 72:13 107:24 146:6 18 130:4 134:20,24 136:2 100:24 101:14 105:2 111: attempt [1] 87:4 17,23 26:14 27:11 28:1,9, between [20] 29:2,14 36: 152:17 153:20 156:23 170: 25 112:20 113:7,10,12,19, attempted [1] 133:21 14,19 29:3,11,24 30:13,18, 13 53:12 65:12,18 66:13 17 171:1,23 177:1,2,7 20 121:21 124:11 138:25 attend [3] 13:4 62:4 180:18 23 31:1 32:6,25 33:13,22 67:11 94:4 103:4 105:25 books [83] 5:16,16,20,21, 141:5 145:2,7,9 146:19 attendance [2] 120:22 144: 34:2,18,21 35:21 36:3,9 106:22 108:11 111:17 118: 23,25 6:1,9,19 7:9 8:8,18 150:2,7 155:14,21 156:9, 37:21 38:25 39:5 40:6,23 11 123:17 136:10 146:10 10:13 11:16,25 12:6,18 20: 15 157:20,22 158:11,16 attended [1] 169:9 42:6 43:11 45:5,10,14,19 151:9 177:21 3 25:17,23 26:18,22 30:14, 159:1 167:4 175:16 176:2, attorney[1] 64:2 46:1 47:2,19 48:6,12,22,25 beyond[6] 21:5 87:12 96:4 19 31:8 37:1 40:12 46:15, 4 180:3,6 August [2] 6:1 169:8 49:20 50:22 51:6,25 53:6, 125:10 126:1 134:23 15 47:22 48:13,14 49:8,14, burdened [6] 51:10 65:17, Sheet 2 applies - burdened 184 Official 97:9 98:2 110:3 Catholics [4] 123:6,22 156: child's [1] 120:3 7 178:15 burdening [1] 20:18 3 160:19 children [88] 3:12,23 4:1 9: classification [1] 144:6 comes [10] 23:1 26:12 57: burdens [14] 19:15 52:14 caveats [1] 94:8 25 12:20 13:18 24:9,13,18 classmates' [1] 102:7 11 60:14 113:11 134:20 62:8,22 65:14 66:1,5 73:1 celebrate [2] 6:7 37:3 25:2,5,15 26:1,16,21 29:2, classroom [53] 7:25 15:12 135:3 141:7 161:9 178:19 89:6 94:2 97:1,22 98:6 Centro [1] 35:2 5,13 30:10 39:22 40:9 43: 16:25 17:17 38:22 52:17 coming [2] 136:11,12 173:6 ceremony [4] 106:3,7 121: 16 46:10 49:23 50:5,16 52: 55:11,18,20 56:18 57:4 60: commenced [1] 7:7 bus [8] 93:22 95:10,11,13, 9 157:9 3 54:4 55:11,16 57:5,8,13, 3,6,15 61:17 74:21,22 79:4, comment [5] 110:17 114:1 15,16 97:3 98:13 cert [3] 6:4 177:5,25 22 58:2,12,20 59:3 62:9 10 83:10,11,13 84:12 86: 155:7,8 160:16 business [2] 40:4 70:3 certain [18] 4:9 22:11 26:3, 65:24 66:2 67:4,13,15,19 25 88:14 90:8,25 91:15 comments [6] 82:1 112:13 buy[1] 71:13 3,8,8,11 29:10 41:25 69:11, 69:25 72:16 74:20 78:12 107:1 111:12 115:22 116: 114:15 154:18,20 164:23 C 12 103:25 122:12 124:5 79:16 81:9 83:12 91:24 93: 13,14,17 118:4,7,13 127: common [2] 23:13 29:4 137:25 160:11 164:22 177: 23 95:12,20 96:18 97:4 99: 12 131:12 133:4 134:21 communicates [1] 49:17 C05 [1] 177:25 8 24 100:1,14,16,18,20 101: 135:2,24 136:13 151:11 communicating [2] 163: Cake [1] 146:15 Certainly[27] 7:1 9:15 16: 18 103:6,13 104:6,8,13 156:25 164:18 165:2 167: 14,15 Cakeshop [2] 146:15,24 10 17:19 29:4 34:21 49:3 105:5 120:2,5,9,25 121:7 21 168:18 174:8 175:18,23 communication [1] 156: call [1] 88:11 51:25 66:21 82:23 102:18 123:5 130:15 133:11 137: classrooms [7] 7:24 100: 24 called [2] 12:25 147:19 111:13 114:4 115:4 116:7, 25 138:2,3,7,9,18 139:10, 14 101:7 116:8,9 117:9 community [8] 102:4,21 calling [1] 48:10 8,9 118:10 124:17,23 141: 14 177:3 168:16 107:11 114:10 161:16 174: came [4] 1:13 34:6 40:17 24 148:2 152:7 154:20 children's [3] 5:18 56:3 79: Clause [7] 18:5,6 22:24 23: 22,23 175:7 41:12 163:24 164:22 166:2 19 2 105:4 129:10 179:15 comparable [4] 50:21 140: campus [1] 58:17 certifies [1] 93:21 childrens [1] 5:12 clear [22] 9:19 13:12 14:2,9 17,20 146:7 cannot [5] 4:12 122:9,10, certify[1] 65:16 Chinese [1] 125:18 19:5 80:19 82:6 83:7 101: compares [1] 7:25 11,12 cetera [2] 48:1 158:18 Chloe [2] 13:24 126:6 13,25 102:4,16 103:11,16 comparing [1] 179:1 canonical [1] 68:10 challenge [2] 17:2 168:13 choice [7] 34:5 62:25 89: 104:11 113:9 114:6 137: compel [2] 5:4 13:4 capable [1] 26:4 challenged [1] 68:21 18 93:2,11,13 168:1 11 141:20 146:25 147:6 compelled [8] 50:15 51:17 capacity [1] 24:17 challenges [6] 94:11 101: choices [1] 127:15 151:22 90:6,9 92:13 129:5,7,9 car [1] 12:24 22 172:13,18 175:14 179: choir [2] 4:7 36:17 clearly[5] 17:9 34:9 42:2 compelling [3] 52:2 86:6 care [5] 3:11 31:24 65:15 16 choose [6] 49:8 50:19 62: 126:1 127:2 90:4 99:23 100:1 chance [1] 161:9 18 65:12 67:10 95:11 clerk's [2] 93:19,20 competent [1] 129:18 careful [2] 54:5 88:4 change [13] 38:3 39:9,11 choosing [1] 103:25 client [1] 51:14 complained [1] 42:7 carpenter [1] 73:11 77:21 83:22 84:21 95:7 chose [1] 82:4 clients [13] 9:1,23 10:4,22 complaining [1] 53:25 carried [1] 176:5 128:5 133:4,5 141:12 170: circle [1] 50:6 15:2 38:8 40:11 42:21 48: complaints [1] 42:5 Carroll [1] 37:21 14 177:3 circuit [9] 8:11 39:8 43:5 8 55:14,17 57:24 180:8 complete [2] 4:23 103:23 Carson [1] 64:12 changed [3] 83:25 90:23 45:3 47:13 54:19 55:6 145: clients' [4] 12:1 26:15 48: completely [1] 149:15 Case [68] 3:4 9:3 24:24 25: 131:6 6 179:24 19 49:18 completeness [1] 124:12 27:2 29:7 32:9 33:7 40: changing [2] 41:13 84:18 circuit's [4] 8:10 35:14 52: closer [1] 67:20 complicated [3] 104:15 5,7 42:19 44:11 47:4,11 chaos [1] 4:3 18 82:20 club [1] 125:23 105:7 143:18 52:5,11 53:5,8,11 54:12 character [3] 27:21,22 28: circuits [1] 179:21 Coach [1] 157:12 component [1] 134:8 63:7 64:3 68:20,24 69:1 17 circumstance [1] 90:24 coerce [2] 24:6 122:21 components [1] 84:12 80:14,23,24,25 81:1,12 83: characteristics [3] 101:11 circumstances [11] 102: coerced [7] 61:23 64:17,21 compromise [1] 19:19 85:10 87:14 88:25 90:1 176:6,9 18 106:24 108:1 111:13 107:3 144:23 147:4 180: compulsion [13] 9:6 43:6, 91:8 100:25 102:15,25,25 characterization [1] 119: 133:15 138:23 140:15 150: 18 8 50:19 51:3 77:24 87:1 106:2 107:2,20 120:5 125: 3 4 161:20,21 164:22 coerces [1] 108:14 92:3 109:22 117:15,19,25 128:10 137:21,22 138: characters [3] 100:21 130: cis-normativity [1] 46:16 coercing [3] 69:11 108:2 120:21 140:3,7,12,18,21,24 20 178:23 cisgender [1] 163:10 156:12 compulsory [4] 103:10 142:15,16,25 144:5,8 147: chatting [1] 136:19 cite [3] 142:10 143:2 144:5 coercion [40] 8:15,20 9:8, 120:22 121:4,11 158:23 162:4 167:12 CHIEF [47] 3:3,9 6:21 7:2 city[2] 133:1 160:3 20 10:2,3,12 11:17 19:1 Con [1] 36:3 173:7 180:23 181:1 14:7 22:3,14,25 23:21 25: civil [2] 64:3 111:12 29:9,9 61:3,8,11,17,20 64: concede [1] 119:22 case-by-case [1] 85:10 9 27:17 31:4 35:9 37:14 civility[4] 127:11 154:5 13 106:23 107:18 108:9 conceded [1] 86:22 cases [34] 19:15,21 20:21 42:24 52:7 65:3,9 68:2,23 162:13 163:20 111:8,15,18 113:5 118:11, conceived [1] 91:6 21:8,10 43:17 47:15 51:21 78:2,4 80:20 82:12 83:5 claim [20] 45:21,22,24,24 14 119:17,20,21 121:5,13 concentrating [1] 148:10 61:8 62:2 64:10,15 68:7 87:16 90:15 100:6,11 105: 46:23 48:19,24 53:17 56: 122:8,17,20 123:16,17 124: concept [4] 99:1 105:12 72:23 82:23 90:4,11 95:7 106:6 120:14,17 121:24 21 76:15 79:12 80:6 81:23 2,24 150:5 165:3 135:5 147:23 96:1 97:8 113:9,10 139:13 136:15 137:16 143:13 148: 111:15 113:18 119:17 124: coercive [10] 20:7,9 24:6 concepts [2] 98:25 165:5 141:21 142:10 147:14 149: 13 150:10 156:18 162:7 3,24 157:22 165:3 33:8 39:2 46:11 51:12 56: concern [6] 38:17 40:24 4,23 150:1,3 158:17 179: 172:8 176:20 180:12,16,20, claims [2] 4:2 49:2 14 156:8 175:20 70:13 87:19 174:19,20 14,15,18 23 clarification [1] 103:20 cognizable [3] 67:25 100: concerned [5] 25:1 46:10 cash [4] 71:18,23 94:10 child [29] 10:24 15:7 16:1 clarify[2] 27:20 48:7 24 139:1 141:16 154:12,17 175:1 17:14 27:22 28:10 51:17 class [21] 5:1 8:8 15:25 17: colleague [1] 81:3 concerning [1] 31:9 categorical [1] 85:14 52:22 55:7 58:15 60:6,14, 3,18 27:14 60:4 128:17,18 colloquy [3] 39:3 52:10 concerns [9] 26:23 27:5,8 categories [1] 38:12 15,22 69:19 70:19 71:5 72: 130:15 134:15 140:16 150: 176:13 28:15 35:1 54:3 86:19 90: category[1] 97:7 18 78:23,24 79:3 88:10 91: 20 151:8,10 152:2,5,6,8 combination [1] 72:24 2,7 Catholic [4] 9:23 99:19 14 93:5 107:3 109:14 162: 178:20,24 come [8] 7:19 20:5 23:19 conclusion [1] 51:13 142:17 160:24 1 167:24 168:3 classes [3] 16:2 27:9 149: 118:8 130:7 136:5 177:17 conduct [5] 53:24 108:14, Sheet 3 burdened - conduct 185 Official 109:13,22 contradict [1] 62:10 53:23 54:16,24 61:7 64:13, deal [3] 35:6 116:3 128:7 description [1] 68:10 confine [1] 96:6 contrary[8] 13:9 24:22 49: 19 65:10 68:17 73:14 79: dealing [1] 37:18 deserve [1] 4:23 confined [2] 56:11 93:14 18 67:17 69:12 108:3 122: 14 80:12 82:3,22 85:1,9 dealt [1] 23:19 deserves [1] 38:9 conflict [9] 15:3 16:3 19:2 21 133:12 88:1 90:3 98:1 99:18,19 debate [1] 125:24 designed [2] 24:19 46:14 72:2,5 100:15 103:4 121: contravention [1] 109:11 100:12 101:2,13 105:23,24 decent [1] 12:25 desk [2] 56:16 57:5 138:3 control [3] 159:21 174:14 107:4 111:19,19,25 113:12 decide [8] 18:20,23 32:22 destroyed [1] 56:4 conflicted [1] 103:9 180:4 122:19 140:3,6 141:21 44:25 45:1,2 85:13 104:5 determination [1] 53:23 conflicts [3] 15:12 32:23 controlled [3] 139:18 150: 142:11,23 146:25 147:5 decided [4] 8:15 88:2 142: determine [1] 103:13 120:7 1 159:7 149:14 153:25 154:3 156: 12 147:2 develop [1] 178:22 conformity[1] 24:8 controlling [1] 67:3 4,9 157:13 158:10,25 161: deciding [4] 6:24 71:12 devout [1] 137:23 confronted [1] 99:18 controversial [2] 3:19 19: 13 174:4 177:6 178:7 174:9 176:12 dicing [1] 70:6 confronts [1] 15:11 12 Court's [11] 5:9 8:11 50:6 decision [7] 68:1 85:6 96: dictate [2] 58:15 103:19 confused [1] 179:5 conversation [2] 75:14 66:11 68:6,9 97:25 102:10 10 102:19 142:10 155:10 dictating [2] 58:19 64:9 confusing [1] 54:1 162:11 121:5 146:14 177:5 174:6 die [1] 161:7 conjunction [2] 52:23 55: corner [1] 136:1 courts [15] 23:19 28:2 35:5 decisionmaker [1] 85:11 difference [5] 108:11,24 correct [35] 11:23 22:20 23: 40:13 82:14 86:10 90:12 decisions [1] 29:14 109:1 127:12 145:11 Connecticut [1] 161:2 4 26:10 27:25 28:10 30:22 101:1,21 144:10 149:25 declarant [1] 168:16 differences [1] 102:12 conscript [1] 101:1 31:1 32:24 38:25 39:4,5 161:14 175:16 176:11,16 declaration [5] 7:15 117:7 different [42] 18:5 30:7 52: consent [1] 3:15 45:10,14,19 48:6,22 78:16 covered [1] 83:24 136:25 137:8,11 15 55:12 57:20 61:13,25 consequence [2] 140:25 83:13 113:21 122:5 124: create [3] 20:10 98:6 179: declarations [2] 55:14 70:6 85:5 88:16,16 89:5 154:5 15 141:15 142:8,13 143:19, 25 167:10 92:8 99:12 101:23 102:22 consequences [2] 141:3 20 144:18 145:4 148:1,11 creates [1] 20:14 decrease [1] 31:21 107:12 110:11 118:18 130: 148:25 153:5,13,20 157:1 credit [2] 142:19,22 deem [2] 19:13 162:2 22 137:8,18 141:23 146:21 consider [1] 160:10 corrections [1] 177:1 crediting [2] 140:7,8 deeply[1] 100:22 149:15 157:23 160:25 161: considerations [1] 81:10 corrects [1] 13:25 criminal [2] 13:6 103:9 defend [2] 114:22 127:10 19,23,25 162:20 164:23 consistency [1] 40:3 couldn't [4] 37:3 84:19 99: critical [1] 67:19 defendants [2] 78:10 79: 165:6,17,25 174:24 175:5, consistently [2] 68:18 150: 6 102:11 cultivating [1] 128:1 14 13,24 178:15,15,16 Counsel [23] 8:9 11:5 14:7 curiae [3] 1:22 2:8 65:7 define [6] 43:9 46:8 113:12 differently[6] 39:15 85:3 consoling [1] 126:15 22:15 23:22 27:19 43:1 54: curiosity[1] 24:18 129:1,2 135:5 124:21 145:3,13 164:25 Consortio [1] 49:22 17 65:4 78:5 100:7 105:8 curious [1] 32:2 defined [4] 20:11 45:3 80:5, difficult [4] 88:17 161:15 constitute [1] 91:20 107:16,16 110:7 120:11 currently[2] 27:12 84:4 8 168:14 176:1 constitutes [3] 105:2 113: 135:12 136:16 158:12 176: curricula [2] 21:19 144:13 defining [1] 70:16 difficulty[2] 4:5 35:7 121:20 21 180:1,13,21 curricular [10] 36:13,18 37: definite [2] 80:14 127:5 dime [1] 83:22 Constitution [3] 101:10 counsel's [1] 6:18 8 74:4 120:2,4,6 161:22 definitely [1] 178:5 dimension [1] 168:10 143:7 159:15 count [2] 149:8,12 167:25 176:18 definition [10] 43:3 44:12, diminished [1] 26:15 constitutional [10] 36:1 counties [2] 37:18 131:3 curriculum [51] 19:11 24: 18,20 46:20,23 47:1 52:13 dire [1] 140:25 62:2 63:16 77:10 87:13 countries [1] 16:6 18 34:8 38:16 46:13 49:9 83:21 136:7 direct [7] 3:25 18:9 22:9 39: 101:4 124:12,16 130:19 country[10] 3:14 16:15 19: 56:12 73:22 101:22 102:2 demand [1] 15:14 21 43:15 104:3 164:19 162:1 9 24:15 34:3 87:7 100:14 103:19 105:6 107:7 117: demands [1] 5:6 directive [1] 164:13 constitutionalize [2] 175: 131:1 132:12 161:18 12 127:6,22 128:5 130:21 democratic [5] 147:16 159: directives [2] 105:20 107: 3,12 counts [2] 72:1 98:22 132:3,5 134:4 136:7,11 15 173:25 178:25 179:3 9 constitutionalizes [1] County[38] 3:16 7:23 8:3 139:21,24 141:15 143:21 democratically [5] 139:18, directly[9] 3:24 13:9 22:23 149:14 15:17 16:17 23:15 25:18 144:17 145:17,19 149:24 20 159:6,6 174:5 107:24 112:12 123:24 136: constitutionally [1] 102: 27:12 37:19,19,20,20,21 150:22 151:20 152:18,18 denial [1] 8:11 11 155:7 170:2 40:17 65:22 66:9 79:6 80: 153:23,24 159:23 160:13 denied [1] 82:8 disagree [13] 14:12,19 23: contains [1] 52:20 7 86:2,4,6 100:20 105:21 162:2 170:10,12,18 173:17 deny[1] 115:8 6 26:11,21 54:14 92:15 98: content [6] 26:23 56:12 66: 107:5 127:1 130:24 131:2, 174:1 175:14,19 176:12 denying[2] 5:2 79:15 20 119:2 123:6,7 135:18, 83:10 136:11 157:16 16 132:11 133:18 150:15 177:9 178:6 179:16 Department [1] 1:21 21 contesting [1] 9:2 160:3,12,22 161:16,21 173: D depend [4] 9:16,21 10:21 disagrees [4] 3:21 14:15 context [36] 51:8 60:25 61: 20 180:10 29:25 38:10 62:24 67:4 75:12 80:14 82:8 County's[5] 26:17 28:20 D.C [3] 1:10,18,21 depending [2] 71:21 170: disassociated [1] 49:25 86:16 89:6,23 93:15 94:10, 34:5 81:4 161:11 daily[2] 4:25 101:16 14 discern [1] 29:14 95:2 96:2,4,7,25 97:12, couple [6] 23:25 27:19 72: dangerous [1] 105:17 depends [4] 23:9 97:7 125: disclaim [1] 51:23 99:15 111:14 114:16 9 128:9 162:10,14 data [1] 149:18 12 155:23 disclaimed [1] 78:19 115:3,6 125:13 135:1 141: couples [9] 20:23,24 29:21 daughter [3] 4:21 126:15 depict [1] 109:8 disconnected [1] 49:25 146:24,25 147:8 148:5 58:9 65:17 80:4 123:4,21 140:10 depiction [3] 107:25 109: discrete [1] 103:19 154:23 155:4,11 175:3 126:23 dawn [1] 142:5 10,18 discretely [1] 128:19 contexts [6] 94:14,15 97: course [4] 18:4 32:18 76:2 day[16] 6:7 24:10 36:22 37: deployed [2] 131:11 132:6 discretion [2] 85:10,12 14,23 124:13 142:24 85:12 1 38:3,3 41:11 72:18 75:4, Deputy[2] 1:20 144:1 discretionary [2] 83:20 84: contextualizing [1] 164:9 COURT [77] 1:1,14 3:10 6: 21 81:11 100:13 145:21 derogatory[3] 123:24 179: 22 continue [1] 12:24 18 8:11 12:23,25 19:5 20: 170:14 177:4,4 9,11 discriminate [1] 155:19 continued [1] 43:18 10 21:1 29:3,11 30:1 32:8 daylight[1] 66:13 describe [2] 53:10 55:15 discriminated [1] 147:3 contours [1] 80:6 33:5 39:7 40:3 43:12 45:5, days[1] 139:23 described [4] 109:4 140:9 discriminates [4] 36:6 contracts [1] 65:16 7 46:3,6 47:3,9 51:7,10,13 de [2] 145:7,8 160:7 175:11 115:11 156:6,7 Sheet 4 conduct - discriminates 186 Official discriminating [4] 42:21 dozen [1] 7:24 embracing [1] 47:25 ET [4] 1:3,6 48:1 158:18 91:6,11,20,22 94:2 97:22 83:2 99:4 156:1 dozens [5] 7:21 131:13,17 emphasis [2] 41:16 66:16 Ethiopian [1] 42:9 100:24 101:15 105:4 113: discrimination [17] 22:9 137:3 149:23 empirically [1] 149:18 evaluate [1] 52:12 23 121:21 124:11 129:10 28:3 37:5,12 40:14 43:24 drag [6] 153:9,10,11,11,12, employee [2] 52:21 54:21 even [53] 6:13,14 7:18 9:9 150:8 70:14 81:15 82:15,24 112: 15 employment [2] 99:8,10 11:15,25 12:10 22:4 24:11 exhortation [1] 49:21 124:2 144:25 145:10,15 drastic [1] 103:24 enactment [2] 156:5,7 30:18 31:13,23 36:18 41:4, exist [2] 85:23 151:11 146:17 155:13 draw [12] 21:13 31:15 36: encompass [1] 89:2 19 44:25 46:13 52:15 53: existence [1] 60:5 discussed [2] 27:10 80:25 13 74:14 107:19 136:14 encounter [2] 69:20 100: 10 64:3 69:16 71:7 77:9 exists [1] 84:20 discussing [3] 78:13 81:2 137:20 140:2 148:16 149: 16 78:3 82:15 84:20 86:13 90: expansive [1] 4:4 125:22 1 158:7,13 encounters [1] 24:22 2 91:18 92:2 93:1,1 99:25 expect [1] 178:24 discussion [10] 6:11 50:4 drawing [5] 44:16,18 87:19, end [13] 6:3 15:10 37:9 55: 108:4 109:6 113:16,17,18 expectation [1] 117:10 69:5 116:19,21 121:10 25 109:4 20 69:8,10 70:21 71:20 116:24 117:3 123:21 126: expelled [2] 142:20,21 135:3 137:18 148:6 169:6 drawn [8] 32:1,2,3,5,7,8 125:1 153:20 159:9 171: 17 139:23 145:2 146:16 expense [3] 4:17 13:7 66: dismissed [1] 38:18 141:21,21 11,13 150:6 157:13 159:23 169: 24 dismissive [1] 26:20 dress [1] 20:4 endorsed [1] 112:10 16 173:4 174:11 175:24 experience [2] 129:15 174: display [1] 170:6 dresses [1] 164:7 enforceable [2] 79:20,21 179:22 15 displayed [1] 94:5 drive [1] 161:1 engage [4] 51:2 108:14 everybody[4] 76:13 77:3 experiment [2] 128:11 175: dispute [4] 5:3 54:24 140:4 drugs [1] 35:3 109:12,22 98:12,13 16 168:8 during [11] 12:4 27:13,15, engaged [2] 28:2 75:17 everybody's[1] 13:21 experts [1] 174:6 disputed [1] 55:4 15 49:23,23 89:12 106:3 engineer [1] 133:17 everyone[10] 13:23 34:20 explain [1] 5:11 disputes [2] 176:12,17 130:14 178:20,20 England [1] 160:20 73:4,11,16,18 90:8 107:10 explaining [1] 165:4 disqualified [1] 122:14 duty[1] 66:2 English [12] 8:4 37:8 134:3, 147:25 166:4 explains [1] 167:10 disrupt [9] 24:19 46:16,16 E 13,18 151:8,10,20 152:5, everything[5] 13:22 26:10 explanation [3] 41:12 81: 47:19,21 162:25 164:5 14 153:22 178:24 73:24 75:18 86:18 24 114:22 169:20,21 each [11] 6:7 100:22 101:8 enhancing [1] 134:7 everywhere [4] 3:11 29:5 explanations [1] 116:22 disruption [3] 8:13 147:24 113:10 126:8,10 127:17 enjoin [1] 79:14 34:3 96:6 expless [1] 105:20 148:9 131:16 141:3 164:11 165: enjoined [1] 53:25 evidence [4] 81:21 117:24 explicit [1] 134:2 dissection [2] 16:12 84:6 5 enmeshed [1] 176:17 177:13 180:3 explicitly [2] 102:4 147:6 distinct [1] 146:18 earlier [2] 31:18 175:10 enough [6] 19:3 39:10 54: evoke [1] 24:17 expose [3] 12:20 49:23 98: distinction [8] 26:13 105: early[2] 25:19 177:14 13 81:18 112:17 138:6 evolution [6] 16:2 20:5 21 109:2 111:17 145:25 easier [2] 24:24 101:17 enroll [2] 104:6,12 124:14,18,19 149:6 exposed [28] 5:13 9:7,12 146:1,8 152:12 easily [4] 49:5,11,12 124: enrolled [3] 121:7,12,16 exact [1] 179:13 10:24 12:3 29:6 57:6,8,23 distinguish [2] 27:2 102: 13 ensue [1] 6:11 exactly [9] 15:16 36:3 46:9 61:18 67:16,20 79:5 89:2 easy[1] 88:25 ensure [3] 73:15 91:24 172: 67:5 83:14 105:22 107:15 91:25 95:12,20 96:20 97:4 distracted [1] 126:16 ed [2] 24:16 178:10 5 128:21 149:12 105:2 108:5 109:8 121:17 distributed [1] 169:7 educated [1] 103:14 ensuring [1] 164:17 example [37] 5:17 9:11,23 133:11 154:6 157:12 168: district [11] 6:17 8:11 16: education [22] 3:15 8:2 17: entails [2] 68:8,10 10:23 12:2,8 16:11 29:13 3 179:7 54:16 102:16 133:16 13,15 41:3 43:21 50:11 65: entangle [1] 40:13 30:1 36:11,12 37:22 39:7 exposing [1] 175:23 153:25 154:3 177:5,6 178: 2,23 66:23 77:2 84:11 92: entanglement [1] 28:3 49:21 52:1,2 53:8 57:3 59: exposure [59] 8:16 9:1,10, 19 103:10 121:4,11 127:1 entire [6] 6:12 41:5 73:22 19 67:10 68:24 69:2 73:7 18,19,25 11:17 29:9 30:20 districts [1] 87:11 142:6 143:11 160:10 173: 104:22 139:20 141:6 74:25 97:17 107:9 111:16 47:13,14 48:2,3,5,9,12 49: diverse [3] 161:16,17 163: 9 174:13 entirely[5] 41:5 59:22 114: 122:23 123:7 125:4 129: 14 57:20 67:24 86:23 89: educational [1] 133:19 13 150:24 175:13 17 131:13 137:2,13 165:13 20 98:5,19 99:2 101:14 diversity[3] 15:17 36:12 effect [1] 21:8 entity[1] 39:16 170:9 179:14 106:23 107:17 108:7,8,11 101:19 effort [1] 114:9 environment [14] 24:6 33: examples [3] 19:16 39:18 110:13,20 111:7,10,17 113: division [1] 151:9 egregious [1] 24:12 8,9 46:11 56:14 61:23 92: 147:22 5 118:5,7,11,16,17,21 119: divorce [1] 20:3 egregiously [1] 46:13 9 93:3,6 96:18 101:12 104: except [3] 13:23 96:6 139: 13,16 121:19 123:17 125:2, doc [1] 34:8 eight [2] 8:1 24:10 17 176:7,10 11 4,5,9,11 150:6 156:21,22 doctors [2] 3:19 38:2 eight-year-old [2] 75:3,7 equal [3] 17:13,15 127:21 exceptions [1] 85:5 157:3 162:12 163:20 175: doctrine [5] 32:4 45:18 89: either [6] 17:3 77:16 79:9 equally [1] 89:14 excess [1] 159:16 17 179:6 113:6 140:22 143:24 146:9 150:18 equipped [1] 172:6 exchange [1] 158:12 express [5] 27:4 28:14 105: doctrines [2] 63:16,22 either/or [3] 24:19 163:1 equity[1] 38:13 Excuse [1] 46:4 20 127:4 164:12 documents [1] 7:10 164:6 ERIC [5] 1:18 2:3,13 3:7 execute [1] 103:14 expressed [2] 82:1 175:2 dog [1] 113:5 ELA [1] 129:25 176:23 executive [1] 147:8 expresses [2] 126:4,4 dogma [2] 42:15 112:7 elected [3] 139:20 159:6 error [1] 29:15 Exempting [1] 4:10 expressing [3] 68:7 112: doing [9] 11:16 89:11,15 174:5 escaping [1] 160:19 exemption [3] 50:19 51:19 25 113:2 99:22 128:1 129:13 136:6 element [2] 23:3 51:12 especially [2] 29:6 86:20 147:25 expressions [1] 178:17 155:24 180:7 elementary [5] 3:17 36:25 Espinoza [1] 47:3 exemptions [12] 83:23,23 exquisitely [1] 129:18 Donahoe [1] 142:12 100:13 117:10 131:15 ESQ [4] 2:3,6,10,13 84:1,3,4,6,7,11,14,21 85: extend [1] 96:10 done [5] 12:19 77:20 87:7 eliminate [1] 145:9 ESQUIRE [2] 1:18,24 23 86:12 extends [1] 96:4 122:9 132:13 else's [1] 74:20 essentially [6] 72:25 73:2, Exercise [32] 18:6 20:12, extension [1] 96:1 doom [1] 87:3 elsewhere [4] 62:19 63:5 17 74:20 97:8 168:13 14 22:24 32:9 45:24 47:5, extent [4] 17:11 147:24 Down [7] 4:21 45:12,25 82: 123:19 137:11 Establishment [2] 18:5 6 62:8,23 65:14 67:14 70: 154:3 170:5 95:17 130:5 161:1 embrace [1] 46:22 179:15 9 75:9 88:3 89:14,16 90:9 extracurricular [4] 36:14, Sheet 5 discriminating - extracurricular 187 Official 19,21 37:8 feel [5] 12:9,11 17:1 69:20 force [1] 96:11 Galloway [1] 111:21 gosh [1] 153:8 extracurriculars [3] 73:23 170:14 forced [12] 38:23 61:17 63: Garti [1] 7:15 got [10] 26:16 113:25 139:9 74:4 84:10 feels [1] 80:12 20,23 67:10 83:12 92:18 gather [1] 136:4 141:11 154:19 160:1 168: extreme [6] 3:16 10:25 19: fell [1] 46:3 94:16 96:3,16 97:20 180: gave [2] 137:2 149:13 4 179:18,18,18 37:25 39:18 69:10 fellow [1] 118:10 18 gay[9] 28:6,6 29:21 56:15 govern [1] 47:8 extremely [1] 24:13 few [4] 37:16 150:13 156: forces [1] 65:11 57:3 93:21,24 126:18 163: government [16] 20:13 34: F 20 159:5 Forcing [7] 3:22 22:22 38: 16 22 39:15,19 50:10 65:11 fictional [1] 100:17 11 72:25 78:23 98:8,9 gender [16] 3:13 12:10 24: 88:4,18 93:18 94:17 95:7 face [4] 67:12 68:1 156:6,8 field [1] 174:6 forego [3] 92:18 96:3 100: 20 27:6 30:10 37:25 38:2 96:11 97:9 101:15 140:11 facial [1] 145:15 fifth [2] 150:18 151:2 17 90:22 116:22 134:5,8 163: 141:2 fact [25] 10:1 12:21 27:5,24 fighting [2] 151:24 152:11 foregoing [3] 65:13 66:24 2,6 165:11 169:22 178:16 government's [5] 23:10 34:11,11 38:11 40:7 67:2 figure [1] 50:13 93:17 genders [1] 47:25 80:23 93:20 94:9 159:2 76:9 83:24 85:16 91:20 filed [2] 7:18 25:6 foremost [1] 86:8 General [5] 1:20 35:23 84: grade [10] 25:24 29:2 131: 103:16 118:18 121:6,15 filtering [1] 175:17 Forget [2] 20:4 111:24 2 94:13 95:25 17 150:18 151:2,10,15 167: 125:16 135:25 136:25 137: final [3] 5:7 27:1 172:11 form [2] 118:8 123:4 generally [14] 9:18 26:7 33: 12 169:14 179:11 144:4 150:13 154:17 finally[3] 26:23 115:13 forms [1] 178:15 3 35:18 72:10 81:5,17 83: graders [2] 125:14,14 176:10 173:11 forward [1] 86:20 18,21 84:16 85:15,24 146: grades [1] 136:8 factor [4] 6:23 27:2 106:18 find [13] 19:13,14 21:19 24: foster [4] 65:15 99:23 100: 4 169:10 graduated [2] 40:24,25 121:14 8 70:24 72:2 81:15 96:14, 1 102:2 generation [1] 175:13 graduation [1] 121:9 facts [3] 118:12 119:16 128: 21 101:6 107:12 138:10 fought [1] 100:19 George's [1] 37:19 grandparents [1] 4:18 168:16 found [9] 51:10 112:16,23 Georgia [1] 161:2 grant [1] 175:21 factual [2] 53:22 167:9 finding [3] 31:17 71:5 128: 122:20 123:17 137:5 154: gets [4] 13:20 18:22 37:13 granting [2] 86:9,12 fail [5] 35:17 49:12 76:20 12 1,3 177:6 83:22 graphic [1] 53:12 82:16 86:2 finds [1] 101:5 founded [1] 160:17 getting [16] 10:1,3,15,19 graven [1] 106:1 failed [1] 114:11 fine [3] 51:18 116:4 174:23 four [4] 26:6 132:6 143:18 11:14 37:11 44:15 48:4 51: great [2] 136:2 180:8 fails [1] 86:4 fine-grained [1] 176:17 177:1 9 77:2 80:1 90:12 96:9 greater [2] 120:3,9 fair [7] 12:19 14:17 16:23 fined [1] 50:17 four-year-olds [2] 70:4,7 126:3,7 176:8 Greece [2] 111:20 141:22 35:15 124:1 148:15 153: fines [1] 13:6 fours [1] 67:22 gill [1] 129:25 grounds [2] 21:25 66:8 finish [3] 11:9 14:6 115:16 Fourth [12] 35:14 39:7 43:5 Girgis's [1] 89:4 group [1] 58:8 fairly[1] 143:18 first [27] 3:4,15 4:12 5:6 6:1 45:3 47:13 52:18 54:19 55: girl [8] 13:24 42:14 110:16 groups [2] 65:16,17 faith [16] 12:2 22:19,24 42: 32:4 33:2,22 38:15 41:5 6 82:19 150:18 151:1 179: 162:24,24 163:6 171:24,24 grownup [1] 126:9 67:14,18 68:12 69:24 70: 44:13 53:7 69:22 70:15 84: 23 girls [2] 164:7 170:13 guess [22] 14:21 21:19 30: 73:14 83:1 89:11 100: 17 86:7 88:21 90:8 97:6 Fox [1] 41:7 girls' [1] 170:9 11 31:14 40:15 52:9 57:1 101:18 124:21 176:2 110:24 112:19 129:10 149: frame [1] 165:23 give [20] 40:8,21 60:1,5 85: 61:10 62:21 64:6 74:14 75: faiths [5] 66:1,6 70:6,7 99: 11 173:1 177:1 179:23 framed [2] 86:10 171:21 13 96:17 111:15 112:14 25 90:17 93:25 95:5 98:18 180:14 frames [1] 50:10 115:6 118:14 124:2,23 132:10,20 161:5 163:5,9 fall [6] 25:20 69:15,16 123: fits [2] 51:16,24 framework [3] 62:3 66:21, 129:17,22,24 150:5 155:4 165:14 136:6 145:22 fitting [1] 52:5 21 161:9 164:10 167:3 guessed [3] 3:19 38:2 163: false [1] 68:16 five [5] 6:2 77:7 102:1 129: frankly[1] 168:4 given [22] 7:16 57:2 86:20 10 familiar [1] 111:18 16 136:3 Frederick [1] 37:19 101:11,19 106:24,25 109:6 guidance [3] 11:23 22:22 Familiaris [1] 49:22 five-year[1] 26:6 Free [21] 18:6 22:24 32:8 120:21 128:22 139:1 140: 110:14 families [9] 42:8 50:6 66:6 five-year-old[2] 105:13 45:24 47:4,6 65:22 70:9, 11 143:25 147:25 155:8 guide [4] 89:5 116:21 169: 75:6 123:5 154:24 155:1 110:22 24 88:3 90:9 91:11 100:24 161:5,8,22 164:6 167:17 6 171:11 176:1 178:14 five-year-olds[2] 106:19 101:14 105:4 113:22 120: 168:2 169:5 guidelines [3] 15:18 36:12 family[10] 4:18 50:3,5 79: 174:10 3 121:21 124:11 129:9 gives [2] 50:18 146:16 41:25 17,24 132:2 144:7 145:22 flag [2] 106:4 157:9 150:8 giving [4] 31:25 33:18 73:2 H 150:21 173:8 flat [1] 68:1 frequently[1] 29:12 154:23 family's [2] 100:15 175:25 flexibility [1] 85:7 friend [1] 118:1 goal [6] 132:21 133:19 164: half [1] 179:21 far [11] 13:3 15:4 21:5 22: flipping [1] 174:8 friends [2] 14:16 50:12 17 170:1,4,15 hallmark [1] 84:15 39:16 43:8 69:5 87:12 flips [1] 39:17 front [1] 176:3 goals [3] 129:25 133:2 161: Halloween [3] 81:11 84:7 96:10 141:15 180:1 flooding [1] 86:20 fully[6] 140:7,8 142:19,22 22 145:21 favor [4] 51:13 53:24 59:9, floods [1] 35:4 150:3,5 Gorsuch [65] 35:10,11 36: handle [2] 161:19 172:12 focus [5] 25:12 53:19 61: Fulton [8] 43:18 64:12 65: 1,4 43:23 69:4 76:25 80: handled [1] 87:21 favorite [2] 126:16 130:4 14 63:17 64:4 15 72:23 74:24 85:9 86:11 21,22 82:11,13 83:4 107: hands [2] 11:15,17 Fe [1] 121:6 focused [3] 69:6 112:1 99:18 16 108:4,8,12,16,18,23 happen [9] 16:6 19:6 35:2, feasibility [2] 131:8 180:1 162:21 function [1] 163:21 109:14,20,24 110:4,7,10 3,4 39:19 44:18 53:17 75: feasible [2] 128:6 130:24 focuses [1] 68:3 fundamental [2] 39:21 111:5,22 112:23 113:15,24 2 feasibly [1] 141:2 focusing [1] 172:17 165:4 114:19 115:5 119:5 135: happened [8] 23:14 34:16 feature [3] 73:25 97:25 98: follow [5] 11:19 44:7 49:21 fundamentally [2] 161:23, 12,15 145:1 147:21 150:11, 40:18,20 41:4,10 53:11 55: 21 105:15 120:19 24 12,19,23 151:1,4,7,14,19 features [1] 109:18 following [2] 90:18 93:13 further [6] 76:1 78:6 81:21 152:1,4,9,13,19,23 153:1,4, happening [7] 49:2 53:5 featuring [3] 20:3 58:9 65: follows [1] 22:18 122:25,25 170:8 7,11,17,21 154:7,11,21 56:3 58:1 61:15 87:9 92: folly[1] 147:15 G 155:12 156:2,15,17 15 federal [3] 174:4,8 176:10 footnote [2] 35:15 82:19 Gorsuch's [1] 144:21 happens [3] 77:6 130:1,6 Sheet 6 extracurricular - happens 188 Official happy[2] 13:21 123:4 home-schooling [3] 4:19 immoral [1] 13:1 25:6 53:7,20,21 55:23 78: introduce [2] 130:20 134: hard [12] 28:14 45:25 51:19 50:20 138:8 impermissible [2] 167:3,4 9,14 79:20,22 80:13 86:14 15 54:1,2 77:19 85:14 86:13 Honor [34] 5:15 12:22 14: impermissibly [3] 126:20 116:2 134:25 167:16 168: introduced [4] 6:1 24:16 110:3 136:14 155:25 159: 14 15:16 17:7 18:3 22:1,4, 168:15 175:20 5 169:17 180:6 34:8 134:7 21 24:4 25:4 28:10,19 29: implement [1] 59:17 injunctions [1] 80:10 introducing [5] 34:10 37: hardly[1] 7:25 24 39:6 40:6 47:3 53:7 54: implementing [1] 159:22 injury[5] 35:25 36:10 55: 24 100:21 133:19 167:20 harmful [1] 19:13 14 63:6 102:14,16 104:15 implicate [2] 88:5 89:24 21,24 169:4 invite [2] 4:3 40:14 HARRIS [65] 1:20 2:6 65:5, 105:22 106:21 110:24 111: implication [1] 164:19 innocence [2] 12:4 56:3 invocation [1] 143:9 6,9 66:12,15 67:9 68:6 69: 10 114:25 122:18 133:15 implications [1] 56:8 innocent [1] 49:24 invoke [2] 105:4 149:16 1,4,16 71:2,10,14,16 72:8 141:2 149:13 162:6 163: important [8] 44:21 62:1 inquired [1] 40:1 involved [8] 25:16 99:9,9 73:10 74:7,13,17 75:11,20, 25 70:1,15 109:2 110:1 161: inquiry[7] 94:9 97:6 121:5 103:2 112:2 141:11 142: 76:16 77:5 78:3,17,24 honorable [1] 12:25 24 176:9 150:2 156:10 159:1 168:9 14,17 79:3,11,21 80:2,5,11 81:13 hoped [1] 167:19 imposed [2] 15:19 42:20 insight [1] 140:1 involves [1] 137:25 82:22 83:14,19 84:25 85: host [1] 86:17 imposing [1] 58:2 insincere [1] 68:25 isn't [10] 21:21 26:9 28:18 21,25 86:4 87:8,18 88:20 hostility[5] 82:1 112:15 imposition [1] 140:9 insist [1] 60:18 39:4 50:24 98:3 114:23 90:6 91:4,18 92:16 93:7, 113:2,17 114:23 impossible [2] 59:11,16 insisted [1] 177:15 128:6 155:13 177:13 94:7,21 95:1,4,18,21,25 Hot [1] 53:9 impression [1] 179:23 insistence [1] 24:8 isolated [3] 17:2 147:10 96:19,23 97:5 98:16,24 hours [1] 24:10 inappropriate [2] 26:19 insisting [1] 3:17 173:8 148:16 Howard [1] 37:19 91:17 instance [3] 7:20 69:22 70: isolates [1] 17:18 hate [2] 42:13 112:9 however [1] 46:8 incidental [4] 24:21 127: 10 issue [17] 8:13 25:13 46:7, haven [1] 160:19 human [9] 79:18 144:8 145: 13,23 164:18 instances [1] 86:24 19 73:12 74:5 99:16 102:1 Hawaii [3] 16:15 19:11 77: 22 150:16,19,22 152:4,8 include [3] 129:2 142:4 instead [3] 34:23 99:22 103:4 106:11 109:7 114: 153:23 156:22 174:4 13 145:7 154:25 155:2 Hazel [4] 6:9 117:7 136:24 Hundreds [4] 42:6 102:2 included [1] 153:22 instill [1] 138:1 163:5 179:12 178:1 168:19 177:9 includes [1] 130:15 institution [2] 73:1,2 issues [11] 33:7,11 52:12 he'll [1] 28:17 hurtful [4] 3:21 14:18 110: including [4] 4:6 114:8 instruct [1] 21:18 65:25 75:15 76:3 88:16 90: head [1] 39:17 17 119:10 146:14 166:12 instructed [5] 3:18 41:14 9,10 101:25 179:24 headphones [1] 16:25 hybrid[5] 45:22 46:6,18,22, inclusivity[7] 6:17 7:9,16 106:4 111:6 179:8 it'll [1] 34:19 health [11] 8:8 27:9,14 37: 25 37:1,23 38:6 41:15 instruction [42] 3:23 5:4 6: itself [7] 4:6 23:15 26:21 128:17,18 130:15 140:16 hydraulic [2] 24:7 175:11 income [3] 73:7,10,17 10 8:6 12:7 14:14 15:8 27: 27:7 44:1 116:25 121:1 160:10 173:9 178:20 hypothetical [10] 88:22 89: indeed [1] 74:1 13 33:24 38:22,24 41:2,17 J healthy[1] 132:2 8 90:1 95:23 96:8 97:19 independent [1] 60:8 49:24 50:23 73:22 74:4,11 hear [4] 3:3 35:13 104:1 98:12 101:24 155:16,23 indicates [1] 31:22 79:17 83:9 86:25 105:3 JA [1] 7:15 157:15 hypotheticals [3] 74:19 indifference [1] 138:20 106:9 115:25 128:23 129: jacket [1] 153:15 heard [4] 17:20 34:25 69:5 89:22 137:19 indifferent [1] 89:11 1,2 131:20 134:4,19 138: Jackson [56] 52:8,9 53:14, 74:19 I indirectly [1] 136:12 10 144:2 148:18 152:14 18 54:18 55:1,5,17,25 56:5 hearing [2] 32:17,21 individual [8] 8:2 9:22 10: 157:4,7 162:22 166:19 57:1,18 58:3,7,18,23,25 59: heated [1] 154:19 idea [13] 18:25 67:23 91:25 22 104:15 108:2 141:4 174:17 178:2,14,21 15 60:1,13,22 61:1 63:11, held [16] 30:1 49:18 54:3 94:14 106:13 108:18,24 147:15,17 instructional [9] 116:24 15,21,25 64:24 90:16,17 57:22 65:12 68:18 69:23 109:8 118:16,17 120:20 individual's [1] 29:25 143:22 162:10,14 165:22 91:13 92:6,11,21,25 93:9, 73:12 82:7,22 99:3 100:3 126:4,5 individuals [1] 122:21 167:1,17,18 168:1 12 94:19,24 95:3,5,19,24 101:15 103:5 114:24 180: ideas [18] 48:3,5 49:17 96: indoctrinated [2] 24:14 instructions [4] 30:8,14 96:13,20,24 98:3,17 100:5 100:15 101:14 108:11 133:23 134:10 172:9,10,22 180:18 55:4 105:15 help [1] 171:22 111:11 118:7 121:17,19 indoctrinating [2] 34:9 37: insulated [1] 70:5 173:10 176:7,19 helps [1] 22:21 150:6 156:24 163:13 169: 23 intemperate [4] 115:8 147: James [1] 142:18 hetero-normativity [1] 46: 24 175:18,24,24 indoctrination [6] 21:6 30: 21 154:13,20 Jamie [4] 13:21 125:17 identical [1] 10:18 19 38:7 48:11 58:2 163:23 intention [1] 159:18 126:3,8 high [5] 67:21 106:15 131: identified [2] 86:22 165:12 infeasible [5] 102:18 129: intentionally [1] 155:18 Jewish [1] 160:25 137:1 149:5 identify[1] 147:15 13,16 131:21 134:17 Inter [2] 170:20,25 job [3] 159:8 161:15 172:6 highly[2] 46:11 124:6 identities [2] 110:19 178: inference [1] 146:17 interest [2] 86:6,7 Joint [1] 178:12 hill [1] 161:6 17 infinite [1] 101:21 interested [1] 14:21 Jones [1] 30:2 hindering [1] 119:23 identity[2] 3:13 24:20 infinitely [2] 104:14 105:7 interests [4] 24:25 25:1,2 judges [1] 174:8 Hisham [1] 7:15 ideology [2] 37:25,25 influence [6] 153:24 154:4, 161:15 judgment [1] 140:7 history[12] 23:13 67:2 142: III [1] 36:2 4,8 163:12,22 interfaith [2] 20:4,23 June [4] 6:5 37:2,3 155:9 2,4,7 143:2,5,10 160:21 ill [1] 101:3 influences [2] 67:16,21 interfere [1] 84:9 junior [1] 106:14 161:8,8,11 illustrates [2] 67:5 176:14 inform [1] 37:24 interference [5] 43:14 44: jurisprudence [4] 23:2 97: Hobby[1] 34:25 image [13] 4:10 10:12 22: information [7] 12:3 21:23 9 45:16 118:1 119:23 25 98:4,7 hold [2] 13:15 150:2 17 40:10 106:1 107:20 52:20 54:20 55:10 107:1 interferes [1] 3:24 Justice [443] 1:21 3:3,9 5: holding [3] 11:14,16 52:18 108:5,19,21,21,23 109:4,9 164:9 interracial [3] 20:24 29:19 10,19 6:21 7:2 8:9,23 9:4, holiday[1] 36:23 images [2] 86:24 99:7 informs [1] 93:19 80:3 17,24 10:6,9 11:1,4,6,8,10, home [7] 19:25 21:2 60:14 imagine [4] 69:9,10 88:1 infringement [1] 32:12 IntersectionAllies [5] 47: 11,20 12:12,13,14,15 13: 67:20 90:21 100:18 138:8 155:25 inhibiting [1] 20:13 16 116:20 117:5 171:4,13 11 14:4,6,7,9,20 15:23 16: home-school [5] 63:2 120: imminent [2] 55:24 169:4 initial [1] 87:24 intrinsically [2] 146:11 8,18 17:11 18:12 19:20 20: 122:2 173:22 180:9 immodest [1] 20:4 injunction [19] 8:12 21:21 156:8 16,22 21:7,12,15 22:3,14, Sheet 7 happy - Justice 189 Official 23:21,23,24 24:25 25:9, K language [8] 8:5 15:20 37: 173:8 Lukumi [3] 64:16 83:2 147: 9,10,21,25 27:1,16,17,17, 9 134:3,25 152:14 153:23 life-long [1] 40:16 14 28:4,12,16,22 29:7,17 KAGAN[39] 11:6,10 12:13 154:14 lifestyles [1] 127:15 Lukumi-like [1] 81:22 30:3,16,21,24 31:2,4,4,5,6, 14:20 15:23 16:8,18 17:11 large [1] 160:11 light [2] 22:2 176:5 lunchtime [1] 75:14 19,19 32:16 33:12,14,23 18:12 31:4,5 32:16 33:12, largely[1] 115:2 likelihood [2] 168:25 169: Lupu's [1] 149:21 34:12,19 35:8,9,9,11 36:1, 14,23 34:12,19 35:8 44:16 last [9] 41:10 130:9 142:2 3 Lutheran [1] 82:24 37:14,14,16 38:20 39:1, 70:17 71:8,11,15,25 73:8 149:19,24 160:2,15 169:18 limit [1] 33:4 lying[1] 39:24 40:15 42:4,23,24,24 43: 74:2,8,15 75:1,19,22 76:6, 175:15 limited [6] 94:13 131:25 Lyng[3] 96:10 97:7 122:19 1,4,23 44:5,16 45:8,11,15, 23 77:1 80:20 148:13,14 later [2] 41:23 143:25 136:24 149:4 158:11 160: M 46:21 47:10,21 48:7,18, 149:11 150:9 latter [2] 15:15 166:5 9 49:13 50:8,23 51:15 52: Kagan's [3] 157:18 158:12 Laughter [1] 151:17 limiting [3] 88:19,21,23 made [19] 9:19 17:1,16,17 6,7,7,9,10,14 53:14,18 54: 175:10 law [14] 8:7 29:8 33:2 36:5 limits [1] 175:21 25:10 47:8 55:6 101:13 55:1,5,17,25 56:5 57:1, Kavanaugh [40] 37:15,16 40:5 77:12 85:4 103:10 line [21] 11:9 21:13 36:13 103:21 105:24 139:23 140: 38:20 39:1,23 40:15 42:4, 6 146:9,25 147:16 155:8, 58:3,7,18,23,25 59:15 120:22 123:19 129:5,8 44:15,17 74:14,16,18 87: 61:3 81:7 83:6,7,15 84: 10 169:10 180:1 60:1,13,22 61:1,3 63:11,15, 150:14 158:23 19,25 99:3,3 106:22 107: 21,25 64:24 65:3,9 66:12 17 85:19,22 86:1 87:5,15 laws [1] 16:11 18,18 118:11 123:17 136: MAHMOUD [3] 1:3 3:5 50: 67:7 68:2,23 69:4 70:17 120:11 130:23 131:22 132: lawsuit [2] 23:16 34:6 10 145:5 158:13 167:4 3 71:8,11,15,25 73:8 74:2,8, 7,17 135:11,13,16,18 136: lawyers [1] 139:13 line-drawing [4] 87:2 157: main [2] 43:12 44:22 75:1,19,22 76:6,23,25 19 156:19,20 157:2,17 158: learn [3] 17:9 49:10 175:7 24 158:19 179:4 Maine [1] 142:11 77:1 78:2,4,6,7,8,9,22 79: 5,15 159:4,13,25 160:15 learned [1] 164:10 lines [12] 31:16 32:1,2,6,7 majority[1] 68:11 1,8,13,23 80:3,9,20,20,21, 162:3 learning [4] 62:13 66:7 105:22 141:20 148:16 149: maker [1] 85:6 81:2,7 82:11,12,13 83:4, Kavanaugh's [1] 134:1 100:23 163:20 1 151:25 157:18 158:7 male [1] 10:18 5,5,7,15 84:17 85:19,22 86: Kennedy[4] 111:20,23 least [5] 7:24 59:23 144:11 list [2] 19:21 173:3 man [5] 65:18 94:4 126:23, 87:5,15,16,16,18 90:5,14, 141:22 157:11 159:1 173:21 listening [1] 78:12 24,24 15,15,17 91:13 92:6,11,21, Kennedy's [1] 157:13 leather [4] 152:20,25 153: litigated [1] 90:12 manage [1] 136:10 93:9,12 94:19,24 95:3,5, key[1] 86:11 14,15 litigation [5] 7:7 101:24 managed [1] 35:5 19,24 96:13,20,24 98:3,17 kid [13] 16:24 59:6 62:12,13, leave [7] 16:24 17:16 76:10, 149:19 173:2 179:12 mandated [2] 132:3 178: 100:5,6,11 102:11,24 103: 19,20,25 63:4 64:8 70:22 12 77:4 125:9 134:21 litigation's [1] 7:18 11 104:18 105:8 106:6 72:4 92:7 93:2 leaves [1] 144:25 Little [10] 10:14 13:23 35: mandatory [1] 128:20 107:16 108:4,8,12,16,18, kid's [1] 18:23 ledger [1] 160:6 12 40:21 45:25 61:21 111: manner [5] 17:14,16 81:9 109:14,20,24 110:4,7, kids [17] 19:6,17 34:1 40: Lee [5] 72:22 73:6,12 74:5 24 140:5,25 148:24 105:5 154:9 111:5,22 112:23 113:15, 24,24 89:10 104:1 105:23 121:6 live [3] 63:7 119:8 175:1 manual [1] 174:17 114:19 115:5,14,15,18 130:8 148:19 151:12 174: left [1] 19:5 lives [1] 102:7 many[19] 10:23 24:23 26: 116:15 117:13,18 118:15, 7,16 175:7 177:21 180:9, legal [6] 31:15 53:4 122:3 Lobby[1] 35:1 14 30:4 31:20 47:22 50:6 119:5,19 120:11,12,13, 11 123:2 139:1 155:13 local [4] 174:1,14,25 175:6 63:16,21 66:6,9 87:10,10 14,14,15,17,18 121:22,23, kids' [2] 31:8 74:10 legally [2] 100:24 139:1 long [4] 4:4 29:22 67:2 77: 114:16 116:12 136:21 137: 24,24,25 122:6,24 123:18 kind [25] 17:23 31:16 40:12 legislation [1] 85:2 20 12,18 146:12 124:4,9,25 125:20,21 126: 45:20,23 50:4 51:2 53:11 legislative [1] 147:8 longer [1] 152:18 March [2] 40:19 41:10 128:3,15,25 129:7,12 61:13 72:2 73:4 84:8 87:3, legislators [1] 147:18 look [13] 30:16,21,24 36:11 marriage [15] 13:1 20:4 27: 130:10,23 131:22 132:7,17 12 90:11 93:3 113:2 120: legislature [1] 27:7 61:8 128:6 132:22,23 152: 23,24 28:6,6 29:19 65:18 133:23 134:1,10,24 135:11, 23 132:18 134:20 163:11 legitimacy [1] 40:1 20 153:18 172:14 174:17 94:3 123:2,2,10,11 125:5, 12,13,15,16,18 136:15,17, 165:9 166:7 169:25 174: lens [1] 81:3 179:14 24 18,19 137:4,16,16,17 139: 19 less [5] 28:17 65:1 119:21 looked [4] 10:13,18 24:5 marriages [3] 93:21,24 3,9 140:13 141:8 142:1,9, kindergarten [1] 29:2 163:13,14 85:1 100:4 14,20 143:1,5,12,13,13,15 kindness [4] 30:6 162:19 lesson [2] 102:7 130:9 looking [13] 10:11,11,13, married [15] 10:1,3,16,20 144:11,19,20,21,21 145:1, 165:21 166:4 lessons [1] 101:8 19 11:12,14 19:2,19 20:17 11:14 13:20 48:4 57:11 80: 5,24 146:20 147:9,13,13, kinds [23] 19:14,15 23:18 letter [1] 177:17 22:16,17 23:13 69:18 1 123:21 126:3,7,11,19 19,20 148:8,12,13,13,14 33:10 34:7 35:4 49:2 57:6, letting [1] 134:20 lose [7] 18:8 49:3 58:21 59: 127:19 149:11 150:9,10,10,12,19, 25 61:7,18,19 71:17 81:10 level [4] 76:1 77:24 86:25 8 60:25 173:24 179:17 marry[4] 12:21 13:19 125: 151:1,4,7,14,19 152:1,4, 83:23,25 89:5 94:10 134: 92:3 loses [1] 87:23 7,8 9,13,19,23 153:1,4,7,9,11, 14 166:5 178:16,16 179:25 levels [2] 61:13 143:19 loss [1] 4:20 marrying[1] 29:21 17,21 154:7,11,21 155:3, King [1] 142:18 LGBT [2] 100:21 130:20 lot [19] 12:18 13:12,14 14: Maryland [13] 27:6 50:15 156:2,15,17,18,18,20 kissing [1] 11:15 LGBTQ [1] 169:24 11 19:17 31:10 34:14 35:1 80:8 123:3,19 129:5,6 131: 157:2,17,18 158:5,11,15 knowing [1] 180:11 liability [1] 76:1 43:2 47:12 54:3 87:19 89: 3 142:11 144:4,10 160:17 159:4,13,25 160:15 162:3, knowledge [1] 174:15 liable [1] 76:3 22 121:9 125:6 133:5 149: 161:10 7,7,9 165:7 166:3,11,15,18, known [1] 24:14 liberty[5] 159:13,15 160: 5,6 179:19 Master [1] 146:14 21,24 167:14 168:11,20,23 knows [2] 60:13,18 18,23 161:8 lots [5] 99:23 157:23 160: Masterpiece [9] 111:24 169:2,18 170:3,11,19,24 L librarian [1] 130:7 25 179:25 180:2 112:1,17 113:1 146:15,21, 171:3,6,9,12,15,19 172:7,8, library[8] 48:15,21 49:15 loud [3] 9:7,8 116:10 21,23 147:6 8,10,22 173:10,12 175:9 label [1] 163:6 69:9 70:22,24,25 71:22 Love [7] 58:8,8 59:2,2 123: material [11] 19:23 66:8 69: 176:7,13,19,20 180:12,16, labels [1] 37:7 license [1] 51:2 20 126:8,10 21,25 80:17 89:2 116:19 20,23 lack [5] 29:13 35:23 84:2 lie [1] 68:15 loved [1] 38:9 117:12 118:13 148:17 177: 117:14 174:14 justifications [1] 139:2 life [8] 79:17,24 127:14 132: lower [3] 82:14 90:12 136: 19 land [1] 72:7 2 144:7 145:22 150:21 8 materials [29] 33:25 61:18 Sheet 8 Justice - materials 190 Official 105:21 110:14 111:1 116: messages [1] 103:25 17 75:11,20,24 76:16,25, never [8] 7:6 8:12 34:7 39: 173:14 117:3 120:2,4,7 137:5, met [2] 7:13 164:17 25 77:5 78:17,24 79:3,11, 9 60:7 64:13 168:6 179:21 objective [2] 23:9 113:20 143:22,22 144:7 162:11, Meyer[5] 103:12,20 104:4, 21 80:2,5,11 81:13 82:22 New [3] 1:24,24 41:21 objectively[1] 69:18 164:23 165:22 166:13 4,10 83:14,19 84:25 85:21,25 News [2] 41:7 42:8 objects [2] 21:16 143:19 167:1,3,11,17,19 168:2 mice [2] 10:17,18 86:4 87:8,18 88:20 90:6 next [8] 16:20 17:2 18:2 41: obligates [1] 69:24 169:9 171:21 176:18 mid [1] 131:6 91:4,18 92:10,16,23 93:7, 11 76:11 83:16 130:3 170: obligation [7] 39:16 82:8 math [1] 152:1 midyear[1] 131:6 10 94:7,21 95:1,4,18,21,25 15 91:24 99:11 103:2 130:19 matter [29] 1:13 15:5,6,6,7, might [33] 17:14 21:19 25: 96:19,23 97:5 98:16,24 99: nice [1] 139:3 137:24 18:23,24,25 22:18 33:23, 11,12 44:18 60:10 69:8,10, 6 148:16 nine [2] 136:3 167:7 obligations [4] 72:20 80: 24,25,25 63:11 66:15 75:5 16 70:8,20 72:19 74:9 82: much [7] 51:8 65:1 126:10 nobody[1] 38:10 18 89:1,1 77:6 92:7 94:13 99:14 121: 19 84:9 88:15 89:6 102:19 141:14 143:9 149:3 163: non-binary[1] 48:1 observances [1] 84:8 129:5,8,9 141:4,5 148: 109:8 111:3 112:8 118:14 22 non-curricular [1] 145:20 observes [1] 162:23 171:18 133:6 135:22 143:7 146: Muhammad [14] 4:10 9:13 non-facial [1] 145:15 obvious [1] 67:6 matters [9] 3:19 5:8 14:24 18 157:14,15,15 165:24,25 10:12 22:17 40:10 86:24 non-generality [1] 81:18 obviously[7] 72:11 81:17 16:3 27:10 31:9 70:11 117: 170:20,20 99:7 107:20 108:1 109:5,9, non-neutral [1] 113:16 96:2 97:14 127:13 154:19 130:22 mind [4] 30:6 74:6 88:18 11,19 179:7 non-religious [2] 31:10 158:10 maturity[1] 29:13 170:25 multi-level [1] 139:24 146:13 occasions [1] 13:19 mayhem [1] 136:9 mind-set [1] 30:9 multicultural [1] 163:21 none [4] 11:15 30:3 40:3 occur [1] 147:25 MCPS [1] 102:4 minimis [2] 145:7,8 multiple [4] 5:1 41:6 45:6 166:13 occurs [1] 157:24 mean [53] 5:19 14:22 17:19 Minnesota [1] 77:9 66:1 normal [2] 59:24 123:10 offend [2] 150:6 175:24 33:15 35:22 39:12 44:16 minute [3] 5:11 14:4 24:1 musical [1] 84:5 normalized [1] 127:24 offended [1] 157:15 45:5,25 48:12 49:1,7 51: misdemeanor [1] 50:17 Muslim [6] 40:10 42:9,14 normally[1] 150:16 offensive [12] 21:20 100: 16,22 52:12,17 56:12 57:2 mission [1] 99:20 107:20 154:24 155:1 normative [1] 126:20 22 101:6,9,14 105:6 120:2, 59:1 62:1 74:15,18 79:24 Mister [1] 88:11 Muslims [4] 40:9 137:23, norms [2] 47:20,22 4,6 121:17 162:2 175:18 85:8 87:20,22 91:18 92:10, MoCo [1] 40:25 25 156:2 Note [3] 9:11 91:9 177:6 offer [4] 86:16,17,17 102: 94:15 95:10 98:6 99:25 model [2] 51:22 52:5 must [10] 3:18 6:9 18:10 23: noted [1] 50:7 21 101:6 105:13,16 106:13 modify[1] 43:19 7 60:4 70:8 91:25 101:6 nothing [9] 41:17 105:9 offered [3] 77:17 79:7 164: 119:12 122:7 125:3,13 moment [3] 12:11,11 54:9 122:11 178:4 111:3 116:5 129:12 137: 21 126:12,25 133:25 135:6 Mommy [2] 126:6,9 mutual [3] 102:3 170:5,6 15 146:8,11 172:3 offering [3] 65:15,19 104: 136:22 155:23 158:21 159: moms [1] 75:8 mystified [1] 40:16 notice [7] 41:10 58:11 60:9 11 161:1 165:14 174:11 Monell [1] 76:3 N 78:11 79:15 80:17 172:13 offers [1] 65:22 179:10 money[2] 71:12 138:6 notified [1] 41:8 office [2] 93:20,20 meaning [1] 145:12 Montgomery [29] 3:16 7: nail [1] 45:12 notify[1] 60:4 often [3] 16:6 17:20 23:1 meaningful [1] 175:17 23 8:3 15:16 16:17 23:15 nails [1] 164:8 notifying[1] 6:14 Okay[34] 18:12,13 28:23 means [10] 20:9 43:9 45:12 25:18 26:17 27:12 28:20 named [1] 25:5 November [1] 177:17 33:12 44:5 45:15,20 47:10 59:23 74:1 89:15 99:17 34:5 65:22 66:8 79:6 80:7 narrative [1] 178:23 Nowhere [1] 4:14 49:13 50:8 52:6 76:7 94: 100:1 164:20 180:15 100:20 105:21 107:5,5 narrowly [1] 104:25 number [4] 114:12 140:5 21 96:23 98:16 107:13 meant [6] 46:6,18 102:2 127:1 131:16 132:11 133: nation's [1] 100:19 159:3 160:12 109:24 110:5,9 111:5 113: 106:5 130:21 176:11 18 150:15 160:22 161:11, nationwide [1] 4:4 numbers [3] 94:17 97:20 24 115:18 116:4 119:6 measure [1] 68:4 16,20 173:20 natural [3] 128:11 154:5 158:18 124:7 150:23 151:7 152: media [1] 41:7 Month [6] 6:6,7 37:2,2,3 89: 175:15 O 13 153:21 154:11 155:12 meet [3] 46:20 52:13 113: 9 nature [7] 14:21 15:7 71:21 157:17 171:12 179:8 months [2] 155:9 167:8 74:11 91:7 121:11 137:13 Obergefell [1] 12:23 old [3] 26:6 34:1 104:7 meeting [3] 114:21 128:20, moon [1] 37:2 NEA [2] 149:22 179:14 object [18] 4:7,8 9:20 10: older [2] 26:16 67:19 moral [10] 12:5,7 14:2,9 49: nearly[1] 3:13 23 11:18 20:18 21:24 29: once [9] 34:12,16 104:12, meetings [1] 173:16 25 123:3,8 124:5 138:1,3 neat [1] 152:11 23 30:13 36:17 40:9,11 48: 16 149:13 158:14,16,19 member [3] 146:22 147:20 morning [1] 3:4 necessarily [2] 5:20 26:9 13 60:10,17 93:4 109:6 175:12 148:9 Most [13] 4:22 11:16 63:7 necessary [1] 74:9 173:16 one [73] 4:9,18 6:4,7 7:20, members [5] 81:8 112:5 82:23 98:6 117:15 132:7 need [14] 53:18 64:16 85: objected [8] 19:7,22 20:2 20,25 8:1 10:16,16,17 21:3 86:23 95:21 102:5 113: 26:18 28:21 137:13 144:6 114:10 147:10 173:15 139:12,15 140:25 154:17 27:1 37:1 38:12 44:3,17 men [7] 10:14,19 12:21,21 161:17 176:17 4 117:20 145:2 164:13,14, 157:8 60:1 61:2,16 66:21 69:8 13:19,20 48:4 mostly[2] 42:7,8 15,16 168:17 objecting [15] 27:22,23 28: 70:21 71:3 72:9 73:3 74: mention [2] 7:11,17 mother [2] 13:25 126:15 needed [3] 7:9 103:6 140: 6,7 30:12 42:3,10 48:8,9, 23 76:7 82:13,19 83:20 84: mentioned [4] 23:24 136: motherhood [1] 100:17 11 10,14 79:9 166:5,7,10 10,13,18,20 92:17 98:11, 154:10 159:5 motivated [3] 99:21 113: needs [5] 53:25 59:12 102: objection [20] 10:5,20 11: 24 99:1 104:24 106:23 mere [12] 8:16 9:18,19 10: 17 115:9 20 113:13 121:16 21,22 29:18,19,20,20 33: 110:14 111:18 120:18 121: 11:17 29:8,9 67:24 98: motive [1] 8:14 needy[1] 99:22 20,20 50:4 57:21,22 73:13 14 124:14 131:5 135:2 99:2 118:5 175:17 move [2] 11:21 12:15 negative [3] 110:18 119:11 76:9 109:12 148:21 157: 137:2 138:7 139:1 142:1,1, merely[6] 5:13 9:7 11:13 moved [2] 4:18 180:10 164:25 22 158:21 162:19 9 147:20 152:19 153:15 29:21 106:2 157:12 moving [1] 155:16 neither [1] 149:21 objectionable [4] 99:12 155:25 156:11 157:7 161: merits [1] 168:25 Mozert [1] 173:2 neutral [7] 33:3 35:18 36:6 124:6 137:5 138:11 24 165:14,17,21 169:9 170: message [13] 13:12,13,14, Ms [66] 65:5,9 66:12,15 67: 112:25 114:6,13 146:4 objections [12] 11:24 26: 14 171:25 172:22 174:21, 14:3,10,10,11 105:17 9 68:6 69:1,4,16 71:2,10, neutrality[1] 35:23 15 30:7 31:21 40:20 58:1 22,22 176:15,16 126:13,18 127:14,23 14,16 72:8 73:10 74:7,13, neutrally[2] 81:4 146:2 81:25 106:11 149:3,5,6 one-off [1] 85:13 Sheet 9 materials - one-off 191 Official ones [3] 30:9,10 117:4 order [7] 43:20 46:22 61:14 2 particular [36] 25:13 27:2 personal [1] 4:17 only[20] 48:9 59:20,20 65: 64:25 103:7 104:8 156:14 P 68:24 69:1,19,20,21,25 74: persuasive [1] 173:7 16,18,19,23 66:15 72:6 81: ordinarily[1] 174:13 23 75:12 77:13 80:6 82:5 pertaining [1] 14:24 83:11 91:23 99:7,25 ordinary[1] 144:18 p.m [1] 181:1 83:1 86:16 90:10 91:8,12 Peter [1] 125:19 110:12 133:9 134:3 142:4 orientation [1] 177:23 PAGE [1] 2:2 92:2,4 102:20 106:7,25 Peter's [1] 125:18 162:24 166:14 orientations [1] 57:21 pages [2] 72:19 178:12 111:11,14 123:24 128:24 petition [2] 26:24 38:4 op-out [1] 44:23 Orthodox [1] 42:9 pain [1] 51:18 133:20 134:19 135:5 137: Petitioner [2] 138:24 168: open [3] 7:11 19:5 139:21 other [72] 3:18 12:18,21 13: paint [1] 164:7 20 148:3,4 156:13 169:12, 17 operate [3] 72:17 77:14 19 15:5 16:2 17:8 18:9 21: papal [1] 49:21 13 Petitioners [32] 1:4,19,23 140:12 15 22:12 32:8 33:18 39:15, papers [1] 144:5 particularized [1] 169:15 2:4,8,14 3:8,22 4:15,23 65: operates [1] 135:24 24 41:7 46:6 49:9 50:12 paragraph [1] 137:10 particularly [3] 82:6 101: 8 66:25 67:1 68:20 71:18, operating [1] 61:12 51:10 58:16 61:2 63:16,21 paragraphs [1] 137:8 10 112:1 24 76:16 78:18,19 81:20 opining [2] 103:17 147:7 66:9 69:10 72:23 75:13 79: parent [39] 11:13 15:13 17: parties [1] 145:21 86:9 91:9 135:8 138:21 opinion [3] 82:20 104:11 17 81:10,11 82:13 85:2,23 14 18:22 24:9 31:23 32:22 parts [3] 58:12 113:14 163: 157:19 162:17 163:23 165: 33:19 39:20 48:23 56:17 177:5 87:6 88:5 94:14,15 95:2 7 18 166:5 167:8,15 176:24 opportunity[4] 78:11 79: 99:11,17,24 105:18 108:21 57:9 59:5 60:13,14,18,18, party[2] 147:2 149:21 Petitioners' [8] 66:14 100: 112:14 139:25 117:11 118:2 119:8 126:8, 21 62:11,18,24 63:3 70:18 passage [1] 69:12 25 101:20 115:3 143:9 opposed [3] 39:20 104:22 10 127:17 130:13,25 131:3, 72:3 91:14,17 92:7 93:2,5 passive [1] 106:3 158:12,14 173:23 157:4 23,25 134:13 140:16 142: 95:15 103:17 104:19,25 passively[1] 109:15 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[2] 22:5,8 represent [1] 114:3 responses [3] 53:6 164:1, Safe [1] 53:9 22,25 168:7,12,22,24 169: regulation [2] 38:13 178: representations [1] 68:16 1 sake [1] 20:23 7 170:1,4,16,22 171:2,5,7, representative [1] 178:1 responsibility [1] 172:5 same [36] 8:6,8 10:2 13:1 10,14,16,20 172:20,24 175: rejected [1] 68:25 representatives [1] 174:5 rest [3] 82:10 113:4 127:19 16:16 27:13 32:7 37:10,10 8 related [2] 79:17,24 represented [1] 144:12 restoring [1] 102:12 46:8,9 48:19 51:20 57:6, school [154] 3:14,17 4:19, relates [1] 54:6 represents [1] 107:6 restrictive [1] 59:23 15,18 60:6 72:21 76:13,17 21 5:7 6:5,21 7:21,22 13:7 relationships [2] 65:25 request [3] 7:11 21:17 59: restructure [1] 73:3 77:2,2,22,25 86:19 88:13 16:16 17:7 18:9 19:18 21: 169:24 19 result [2] 33:21 144:13 93:11,16 99:13 106:17 18 24:15 33:19 36:25 40: relevant [7] 91:5 106:21,23 requesting [1] 78:18 retains [1] 85:6 125:8 129:25 155:1 164:5 21 49:8 50:20 51:17 52:21 112:21 119:17 121:13 168: requests [1] 137:12 reveal [1] 158:17 166:23 178:17 54:21 56:14 58:9,13,16 59: require [7] 78:15 80:9 89: reverse [2] 85:12 96:5 same-sex [11] 27:23 58:9 2,7,22 60:19 61:24 62:4,5, relevantly[1] 87:10 16,17 101:21 135:9 146:18 review [4] 139:22 143:16, 65:17,24 100:4 123:2,2,4, 9,12,20,23 63:1,10 64:10, relief [5] 4:16,24 55:22,24 required [29] 5:25 6:25 7:3 19 144:18 10,21 125:5 14 67:4,13,21 71:6,8,11 72: 179:18 8:6,6,18,20,22 9:1 27:14 reviewed [1] 43:12 sanctions [2] 67:12,12 6,9,25 75:4,20 76:9 87:6, religion [32] 16:4 20:19 23: 38:13 43:6 62:3 64:13 78: revised [2] 36:12 41:24 Santa [1] 121:6 11 89:9,23 90:25 92:8,14, 26:20 31:12 36:7 38:12 15 100:2 101:16 102:23 reworking [1] 73:1 SARAH[3] 1:20 2:6 65:6 20 93:14 96:1,4,6,25 97:15 51:11 68:8,14 72:5 73:12 103:8 105:25 106:2 109: rewrite [1] 73:17 satisfied [1] 49:5 98:10,14,15 99:15 100:13 81:16 82:2,16,25 83:1 90: 10,12 117:8,21 121:8 142: rhetoric [1] 133:6 satisfy[4] 44:3 47:1 59:12 101:2,11 102:3,16,19 103: 95:9 99:4 103:8 112:16 18 169:11,16 Richards [1] 142:12 87:4 24 104:9,17,23 106:15 108: 113:1,3,18 115:12 132:22 requirement [3] 23:8 101: ride [3] 94:4 95:11 98:12 Saturday[2] 65:21 99:8 2 114:18 115:10 120:25 145:3 155:14,14,19 156:11 4 124:12 rights [18] 5:5 25:7 39:17, Saturdays[2] 65:20 84:9 121:8,12,16 122:1,2,10,11 religions [1] 94:3 requires [3] 3:15 101:10 21 45:22 46:6,6,19,22,25 saw [1] 30:12 123:1,14 124:5,13 128:1,2, religious [146] 3:24,25 4:8, 105:9 56:24 63:18 66:18 91:11 saying[43] 9:2,25 15:10,25 4,14 129:18,19 130:8,25 5:2,8 9:22 10:20 12:1 requiring [2] 48:16 90:7 97:2 104:12 145:18 172: 18:19 21:16 26:25 28:24, 131:15 132:11,13 133:16, 13:10,15 14:11 15:2,11,12, reservation [1] 14:5 13 25 29:15,16 31:17 32:17, 16,22 134:1 137:1,2 138:2, 17,20,21 19:3 20:12 21:25 reservations [2] 13:24 14: rise [7] 111:15 118:14 124: 18,21 39:7 54:18 55:9 62: 14,15,16,21 139:10,10,12, 68:12 71:19 72:3,16 77: 22:11,12 23:2,5 28:2 32: 1 2,23 146:16 150:5 167:3 19 141:12 143:18,22 144:1, 11,19,23 33:19 36:17,23 reserved [1] 97:19 rob [1] 140:5 12 78:20 81:21 85:1 87:23 3,4,9 159:5,7,21 160:3,8, 37:6 38:17 39:9,11,22,25 resident [1] 40:16 ROBERTS [44] 3:3 6:21 7: 93:1 94:22 95:14 97:8 116: 12 161:12 164:12,13 172:5, 40:5,13,14 41:25 42:3,13, resolved [1] 179:19 2 14:7 22:3,14,25 23:21 2 118:23 124:22 128:5 15 173:15,16,17,21 174:1 43:15,20,25 48:20 49: resource [2] 171:25 172: 25:9 27:17 31:4 35:9 37: 151:24 163:1 165:16,18 175:14 176:6,10,11 178:18 167:22 168:8 177:18 58:6 59:5 60:11,17 62: 25 14 42:24 52:7 65:3 68:2, 180:9 8,10,11,14,23 64:22 65:13, resources [2] 165:2 172: 23 78:2,4 80:20 82:12 83: says[19] 28:17 38:1 47:19 school's [1] 56:12 66:2,8,24 67:3 68:3,19, 23 5 87:16 90:15 100:6 105:8 54:19 59:4 60:14 62:18 75: schoolbooks [1] 178:19 69:13,23 70:14,18 72:3, respect [59] 17:20,21,22 106:6 120:14,17 121:24 7,20,23,25 85:4 110:15 schooling [1] 63:24 73:13 79:19 80:18 81: 30:6 31:23 66:5,17 71:4, 136:15 137:16 143:13 148: 123:1 130:3 164:6 171:23, schools [52] 4:3 6:5 13:4 177:10 82:7 84:8 89:1,10,14,16 19 73:21,23,23 74:2,19 76: 13 150:10 156:18 162:7 16:7,10,14,15 19:9 21:9,22 90:20 91:6,8,20,21,23 94:2 3 80:12,15 88:23 89:25 90: 172:8 176:20 180:12,16,20, Scalia [1] 147:13 23:1,14 24:7,9 33:9 34:3 95:15 97:2,22 100:3,16 7 91:10 94:8 96:8,11 99:1, 23 scenario [1] 93:16 39:14 46:12 50:16 59:25 101:19,23 103:2,5 104:16 16 102:3,9 107:14 114:5 role [3] 24:1 67:7 101:1 SCHOENFELD [152] 1:24 60:9 64:16 66:4 72:16 73: 106:11 108:3 109:7,12,23 117:3 127:12,16,17,25 128: romance [1] 177:21 2:10 100:8,9,11 102:14 25 75:15,16 77:19,20 96: 114:8,24 120:8 121:20 1 129:15 131:10 132:24 room [6] 76:11,12,13 77:4 103:1 104:2,24 105:19 15 101:6 103:15 104:6,13 106:20 107:22 108:6,10,13, 122:1,11,15,22 123:25 132: 139:4 148:19 149:17 156: 140:11 151:12 117:10 128:11 129:15 131: 24,25 133:21 137:6,12,15, 7 157:20 159:1,8 162:19 root [2] 44:10 45:16 17,20,25 109:17,21,25 110: 13 133:18 138:6,7,18 139: 138:20,25 139:4 141:4 163:14,15 164:11,16 165:6, rooted [2] 44:11,12 6,9,23 111:9 112:19 113:8, 14,18 141:14,19,25 143:6 146:7,10,12 147:5 148:4,5, 8,15,20,25 166:25 170:5,7 rose [1] 86:25 21 114:4,25 115:7,17 116: 149:5 161:17 175:3,22 150:7 157:22 158:21 respected [2] 38:9,14 routinely[1] 66:4 7 117:2,17 118:6,19 119:2, scope [2] 135:7,20 160:18,18,23 161:3,3,7 respectful [1] 88:8 Roy[1] 140:3 15,25 121:2 122:4,6,18 score [1] 107:17 173:12,14 175:25 Respectfully [1] 113:8 rubber [2] 50:25 51:9 123:15 124:8,10 125:12 screen [1] 23:12 Sheet 12 record - screen 194 Official script [2] 111:14 169:11 156:13 170:18 174:22,24 since [2] 24:16 64:19 85:1,2 86:11,14 89:20 91: state-sponsored [1] 93: scrutiny[37] 4:15 18:7 22: sets [1] 83:19 sincere [12] 18:22 20:12 25 92:1,14 94:9 97:10,24 24 7,13 32:14 33:1 34:23 35: setting [3] 71:7,17 154:19 23:7 32:11,19 33:19 60:11 105:3 106:8,16 107:5 116: statement [4] 6:15 154:24 37:13 44:24 49:4,12 59: setup [1] 99:13 68:3,5 114:9 141:5 148:21 23 135:9 136:12 151:11 155:11 167:9 9,24 71:21,23 72:1,7,14 73: several [3] 52:14 66:7 155: sincerely [12] 49:18 54:3 152:10 164:18 165:1 173: statements [12] 47:7 81:7 76:20 82:9 83:3 84:23 9 57:21 65:12 68:18 69:23 5 174:25 175:11 112:2,5 115:1,8 147:10,16, 86:2,3,5 87:4,21 112:18,22 severe [1] 67:12 70:18 73:12 82:7 100:2 sorts [10] 5:13 62:13 96:21 17,20 166:6,8 113:3 141:6 157:25 158:8, sex [19] 3:20 10:2 12:3 13: 103:5 114:24 98:5 131:1,3,4,23,25 143:6 STATES [16] 1:1,15,22 2:7 179:20 1 14:24 18:24,24 24:16 27: sincerity [5] 23:3 39:24 68: SOTOMAYOR [56] 8:9,23 16:11 65:7 66:7 72:22 73: sea [1] 77:21 5 38:2 41:2 49:24 53:12 21 140:8,23 9:4,17,24 10:6,9 11:1,4,8, 6 77:7 87:6,10 123:20 157: searching [2] 31:14 33:16 125:7,8 143:10 152:23 singing [1] 4:8 11,20 12:16 14:4 19:20 20: 20 160:9,12 second [12] 8:4 9:5 88:22 153:1 178:10 single [1] 167:9 16,22 21:7,12,15 27:18,19 status [2] 78:21 79:6 99:16 125:14 141:18 151: sexual [3] 57:20 84:11 177: sit [3] 60:23 130:5 176:11 28:4,12,16,22 29:7,17 30:3, statute [1] 50:18 7,10,15 167:12 169:14 173: 22 sitting [3] 54:11 109:15 16,21,24 31:2 78:8,9,22 79: stay[2] 27:14 138:8 sexuality [17] 3:12,14 24: 136:1 1,8,13,23 80:3,9 125:21 step [5] 9:5 16:20 18:2 70: second-grade [1] 116:14 20 31:9 79:18 132:2 134:5, situate [1] 161:10 134:24 143:14,15 144:11, 15 83:17 section [1] 59:2 8 144:8 145:22 150:16,19, situation [21] 14:16 17:10 19 145:5,24 146:20 147:9, steps [1] 87:24 secular [5] 146:5,10 155: 22 152:5,8 153:24 163:17 21:4 24:11 26:17 46:9 54: 19 148:8,12 155:4 still [17] 31:22,24 33:14,17 19,20,25 Sexy[1] 53:9 2 57:14 58:22 59:10,14,17 Sotomayor's [1] 43:4 35:19,24 41:25 64:2 82:17 Security[6] 73:13 94:17 shamed [1] 38:18 62:6,21 63:2 85:5 90:22 sought [3] 78:10 116:1 93:4 107:13 113:13,19 97:20 140:5 158:17 159:2 shaming [1] 26:20 98:20 99:5,19 132:23 134:25 125:10 140:10 145:1 179: see [29] 9:5 20:20,23,24,25 shaping [1] 163:13 situations [2] 7:5 122:17 space [2] 129:22 131:19 19 22:1 23:18 29:8 35:4 49:2 share [2] 40:23 120:7 six-year-olds [1] 129:23 speakers [1] 8:4 stills [1] 4:6 51:19 54:4 62:22 77:11 85: she's [1] 162:24 sixth [1] 29:2 speaking [1] 155:7 stop [2] 56:2 150:2 93:23 107:21 112:12 shelf [11] 48:15 49:15 78: size [3] 7:22 16:16 131:15 special [6] 4:20 27:8 29:1 stopped [2] 123:23 158:25 117:19,24 149:3,5,6 157: 16 115:21 116:1,6,11 130: slicing [1] 70:6 101:11 176:6,9 story[4] 27:15 125:16 126: 161:3 166:23 169:21,22 5 134:14 136:3 156:23 slightly[1] 110:11 specialized [1] 174:15 21 178:20 175:13 shelves [5] 48:21 53:1 54: Smith [17] 22:5 35:13 44: specific [3] 104:20,22 159: storybook[2] 109:16,18 seeing [1] 99:9 11 70:25 71:15 24 45:24 46:2,18 47:8 71: 19 storybooks [6] 4:9 5:14 6: seek [2] 53:21 55:24 Sherbert [6] 32:25 43:17 19,20 72:13 81:3,19 82:16 specificity [1] 80:13 17 78:13 84:14 129:3 seeking [6] 4:16 38:21,23 64:20,20 65:19 99:6 87:22 112:22,24,24 specify [1] 137:10 straight [2] 35:20 36:7 83:9,11 133:9 Sherwood [2] 6:5 36:24 Smith's [1] 35:17 spectrum [4] 69:14,17 70: straight-up [2] 43:24 45: seem [3] 78:19 95:14 163: shield [7] 66:2 69:24 70:12, Snow [2] 140:6 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5 76:20 82:9 83:3 84:23 120:24 138:6,17 139:9,11, showing [3] 29:19 57:10 19 spring [1] 89:12 86:2,2,4 87:4,21 112:18,22 173:22 180:8 169:16 someone [14] 10:5 20:11 squared [1] 4:12 113:3 157:25 158:8,16 sending [3] 67:13 126:12, shown [3] 29:21 35:23 43: 22:18 28:8 68:7,13 74:20 squares [1] 95:6 179:20 16 101:5 109:4 130:3 135:5 stage [6] 97:6,10 150:2 strong [2] 62:7 160:24 sense [7] 23:13 29:5 83:2 shows [5] 5:12 40:12 92: 164:6 169:16 179:11 158:8 167:16 169:17 struck [1] 31:7 90:2 156:23 157:21 179: 17 106:10 142:7 someone's [5] 20:17 40:4 standard [3] 39:13 117:15, struggling [1] 62:22 side [17] 32:14 33:1,5,13 92:5 163:8,9 19 student [49] 3:17 6:16 7:9, sensitive [1] 24:15 34:23,24 35:13 36:21 47:7 sometimes [4] 29:14 126: standing [1] 36:9 25 11:22 14:14 16:24 17:6 separate [5] 46:5 61:9 66: 50:12 118:2,10 142:3 155: 10 163:7,8 standpoint [1] 98:23 26:13 38:9 49:5,7 53:13 71:10 116:24 1 160:6 167:4 179:5 somewhat [1] 39:17 stands [2] 132:3,11 56:18,20,20,22 58:7 60:2,3 separately [1] 30:18 sides [1] 35:16 somewhere [2] 64:8 173: start [6] 5:16 25:18 70:5 69:11 75:9,18 88:7,13 90: September [1] 89:11 significant [5] 4:5,17 23: 22 134:20 176:25 178:13 21 91:1,2,15 106:25 107: series [2] 56:6 77:25 12 24:5 35:6 songs [2] 4:8 36:18 started [1] 14:23 20 110:15 116:11,11 117: serious [5] 22:18 31:13 similar [4] 85:17 99:18 132: sophomore [1] 106:14 starting [1] 112:21 22 118:9,9,10 121:12,15 106:11 127:21 141:5 8 160:4 sorry[12] 11:7,8 19:20 30: Starts [2] 151:1 178:10 124:17,22 135:2,3,14,14 seriously [1] 110:25 simply[16] 20:11 22:16 23 59:15 73:8,10 82:11 95: state [24] 8:7 71:4 75:17 77: 142:17 162:23 172:15 serve [2] 99:24 155:20 102:12 103:12 104:7,21 18 120:16 166:16,20 12 80:7 95:17 98:11,13 student's [7] 15:19,20 59: services [2] 4:20 99:20 109:7 110:1 121:17 127: sort [45] 17:13 59:25 66:17 122:9,11,12 123:19 129:5, 12 60:5 91:10 163:1 171: serving [1] 100:1 25 130:7 138:23 141:1 67:25 68:9 70:5 72:1,17 6,8 132:4 133:1 144:4,9,10 22 set [11] 61:2 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94:2 97:1 targeted [1] 42:2 Thanks [1] 162:6 toward [5] 26:20 112:16 24 126:3,7,16 127:18 129: substantively [1] 132:8 task [1] 101:2 themselves [5] 5:16,17 113:2,17 114:24 20 130:13 176:15 substitute [1] 101:8 taught [26] 3:12 5:23 6:16 103:3,21 115:2 towards [3] 30:6 113:1 uncle's [1] 28:7 subtly[2] 126:4,12 15:3 21:24 46:11 52:22 53: theory[6] 5:4 46:22 119:14 154:4 uncomfortable [1] 177:18 subway [1] 93:22 2 55:7,11 60:16 74:23 90: 120:5 124:14,15 Town [2] 111:20 141:22 under [34] 5:3 18:4,6 19:5 success [2] 168:25 169:3 21 100:15 105:10 116:2,5 there's [64] 5:1 9:6,15 22:8 toys[2] 164:8 170:9 22:4,5 33:1 34:4 43:13,17 sued [2] 167:8 179:19 124:18 128:19,22 133:4 23:8 30:14 33:3 37:5 42: track [2] 43:5 46:5 44:24 49:12,22 59:24 73:5 suffice [1] 82:9 162:19 174:7,16 178:18 18 43:11,24 47:12,16 51:3 tradition [1] 142:4 76:20 86:18 87:1,21,22,22 sufficient [2] 17:23 36:10 180:11 60:3 61:20,22 67:5 68:19 traditional [2] 13:15 73:25 91:19 92:2 124:1 140:14, suggest [4] 14:18 82:20 tax [3] 73:7,10,17 70:24 72:18 75:3,14 76:1 traditionally [1] 160:10 22 146:3,13 161:20,21 164: 85:18 112:15 taxes [4] 13:5 73:13,16 138: 81:21 85:4 87:19 89:22 92: training [1] 103:8 22 173:4,23 179:20 suggested [4] 6:2 162:25 5 3 98:25 111:3 112:20 113: trans [3] 58:9 60:2,15 underdeveloped [2] 110: 163:25 169:5 TAYLOR [2] 1:6 3:5 9 115:19 116:5 121:9 122: transcript [3] 6:18 54:16 25 167:6 suggesting [6] 18:13 43: teach [19] 5:17 12:24 17:8 17,20 124:11,15 126:19 178:8 understand [39] 40:5 51: 98:19 112:5,8,9 18:9,10 37:23 49:9 94:3 128:19,19,20 129:12 130: transgender [12] 60:15 65: 22 54:7 55:1,5 56:7 57:2 suggestion [1] 35:14 124:5,13 126:22 127:11,16 18 131:25 132:6,9,13 138: 25 88:7,12,13 90:24 91:15 61:14 63:15,25 79:12 86: suggests [1] 133:6 130:21 134:5 138:15 150: 19 143:20 145:15,23 146:7, 135:6 163:4,9,16 164:20 15 90:19 92:22 93:1 94:1 suing [1] 19:18 16 170:5,12 8,11,16 152:11 161:25 167: transit [1] 94:11 95:6 98:6 106:13 107:9 suitable [1] 129:22 teacher [48] 26:7 30:8 48: 8 171:23 178:21 179:24 transparent [1] 139:22 110:5,8 114:19 122:7 126: suited [1] 101:3 16 52:20 53:16 54:20 56: therefore [4] 84:22,23 134: transportation [2] 93:18 7 133:14 135:22 143:1 summer [1] 89:12 15,23,24 57:3,10,11 60:4 10 147:4 94:6 150:13 154:22 162:17 164: summon [1] 130:7 69:10,21 74:21 75:23,24 They've[3] 12:1 55:11 180: treat [9] 102:8 130:19 145: 14 165:19,21 166:4,6,9 sun [1] 86:19 76:1 88:6,8,11,12 91:1,16 10 2 164:16,25 165:5,20 166: 173:11,24 Sundays[1] 84:9 105:16 110:17 111:4,6 thinking [8] 24:20 70:3 88: 3 176:18 understanding [12] 26:4 Superintendent [3] 6:8 117:22 118:8 123:14 124: 6 89:19 163:1 164:6 169: treated [5] 39:15 127:24 37:17 68:8,13 130:24 131: 21,23 130:7 135:4 136:5, 7 132:10,21 158:1,3,6 170: 144:2,3 20,22 145:13 146:6 173:6 superintendents [2] 7:14 12 151:12 156:24 162:23, thinks [2] 88:4 91:17 treating [2] 82:25 141:3 8 172:15 25 164:21,24 167:12,23 third [3] 116:14 125:14 179: treats [1] 47:9 understood [8] 8:17 26:6 Superintendents' [1] 149: 169:14 171:22 11 tried [2] 114:11 133:18 52:18 61:6 125:25 158:11 teacher's [2] 105:15 109: third-grade [1] 135:24 trigger [3] 22:6 112:18 146: 162:21 173:13 supervision [3] 101:7 129: 15 THOMAS [18] 1:6 5:10,19 17 undertook [1] 111:19 131:19 teachers [23] 5:25 13:8 14: 23:23,24 24:25 64:20 66: triggered [1] 88:3 undisputed [2] 8:22 54:15 supplement [1] 134:3 15 20:3 28:24 29:16 55:10 12 67:7 68:9 78:6 102:11, triggers [3] 77:24 83:3 141: unemployment [2] 65:19 support [7] 105:20 111:1 75:16 76:5 110:14 116:19 24 103:22 104:18 136:17, 6 99:14 138:5 142:10 143:2 149: 136:10 167:18 168:2 169: 18 137:4 Trinity[2] 82:23,24 unfair [1] 3:21 171:21 5,8,8 172:1,4,6 177:18 178: thorough [1] 50:21 troubling [1] 174:12 unfortunate [2] 112:9 154: Sheet 14 students - unfortunate 196 Official 112:10 113:15 118:23 120: 10 101:16 127:25 unique [2] 24:6,17 7 127:3,5,5 165:17 well-resourced [1] 129:19 workable [2] 7:12 39:13 uniquely [2] 33:8 56:14 viewing [2] 40:9 107:25 whatever [17] 20:9 46:5,5, worked [1] 77:15 unisex [1] 38:5 viewpoints [1] 114:9 18,18 74:9 91:3 99:8 106: worker [1] 153:1 unit [4] 128:23 129:1,2 144: views [3] 68:22 70:20 138: 15 133:1 141:14,20 148:18, working [3] 34:4 63:9 144: 22 19,20 154:7 156:3 9 UNITED [10] 1:1,15,22 2:7 violate [6] 11:25 12:7 22: Whereupon [1] 181:1 works [3] 72:15 76:4,21 65:7 72:22 73:6 87:5 123: 23 64:22 72:20 143:7 whether [62] 6:24 8:13 9: world [15] 47:17 62:17 63:7 157:20 violated [3] 15:18 23:17 99: 15 18:1 20:8 35:17,18,20 64:7 69:18 71:21 72:13,14 universe [2] 122:16 132:1 10 38:1,2,3,4 44:23 45:1 52: 73:21 111:8 118:24 139: unless [3] 51:18 93:7 122: violates [6] 3:23 22:24 58: 11,25 53:1 63:17 64:4 68: 15 149:15 165:17 167:2 5 79:18 94:18 109:22 4,7 71:5,5,22 76:4 80:15 worldly [2] 67:16,21 unlike [1] 139:12 violating [2] 65:12 100:2 81:4 86:5 94:1 96:25 97:7 worried [3] 39:18 64:6 98: unmanageable [1] 115:24 violation [2] 108:15 127:21 102:22 103:18 104:5 105: 19 unreasonable [1] 45:16 violence [1] 10:25 2 110:2,25 111:4 112:20 worry [1] 17:24 until [7] 7:6,17,18 34:7 41: violent [1] 100:20 115:9,20,21 118:7 120:20 worse [2] 83:1,1 53:2 55:21 virtually[1] 86:18 121:10,13,18,19 144:22 worthwhile [1] 172:25 unworkable [3] 6:23 7:5 virtue [1] 97:24 145:7 146:5 147:1,7 148:6 worthy [1] 127:15 136:20 visual [1] 107:25 149:18 155:24 157:12 161: wresting [1] 159:21 up [16] 7:19 23:1,19 25:21 vocational [1] 103:8 25 162:12 163:19 174:9 write [1] 69:11 32:22 44:7 58:8 62:2 71: volume [1] 150:1 176:15 X 90:18 93:13,18 96:17 voluntarily[1] 169:9 white [6] 10:16 42:16 112: 120:19 161:9 178:19 vote [1] 173:15 10 147:23 155:2 179:2 xenophobes [4] 42:16 upbringing [4] 3:25 39:22 vouch [1] 87:8 who's [2] 60:3 126:15 112:11 147:23 179:2 43:15 67:3 vulnerable [1] 29:6 whoever [1] 163:3 Y urging [1] 135:8 W whole [7] 18:25 19:21 77: year[4] 4:20 6:3 41:6,24 user [1] 171:10 25 127:6 132:21 134:11 uses [1] 111:7 Wait [4] 14:4 53:2 55:21 167:24 years[12] 4:17 12:4 25:7 49:24 101:24 104:5 149: using [3] 5:4 42:12 166:13 167:23 whom [1] 65:21 Utah [1] 77:8 walk [1] 133:10 wife [1] 125:19 19,25 160:24 173:1 175:15 utilize [1] 178:4 walking [6] 20:24,25,25 58: will [10] 3:3 4:3 6:11 9:16 180:7 uttered [2] 167:13 168:6 20 59:6 131:18 37:22 39:10 46:16 49:9 54: Yoder [39] 19:5 22:5,5 23: V w w a a l n k t s e d [1 ] [ 5 1 ] 6 2 1 9 : : 1 3 3 1 15:19 w 1 i 5 l l 1 in 7 g 3: 1 [1 7 ] 65:20 2 1 5 2 2 4 4 3 : : 1 1 , 3 5 4 ,1 4 2 : , 9 2 , 1 2 , 5 2 4 4 5 3 : 3 1 : 7 5 , 2 3 2 5 : Valentine's [3] 36:22 81: 120:19 154:22 162:13 willingness [1] 149:16 46:3,7,20,24,25 47:4,6 59: 145:21 wanting [1] 70:19 WILSON [2] 92:10,23 20 67:7,9,23 86:11 102:25 valid [1] 155:20 wants [3] 34:22 127:11 win [3] 72:7,9 158:22 103:1,11,16,21,22 104:3,7, validating [1] 165:16 138:16 win/win [2] 132:23 133:17 10,20 111:25 valorizing [1] 100:19 wars [1] 100:20 wins [1] 87:23 Yoders' [1] 103:5 valuable [1] 51:8 Washington [3] 1:10,18, Wisconsin's [1] 103:9 York [2] 1:24,24 value [1] 65:1 21 wish [1] 115:6 young[8] 3:12 24:13 31:8 values [5] 24:22 174:22,24 watch [1] 136:5 withdraw [2] 104:8 155:10 42:14 50:5 66:2 101:7 105: 175:2,5 way [47] 12:9 33:6 50:14 51: withdrawal [4] 7:8 103:23 24 varied [1] 66:16 4,15,20,23 61:6 64:10 72:6, 114:17,21 yourself[1] 98:21 variety[1] 101:21 15 76:13 77:14,15 80:7,22 withdrawing [2] 6:13 179: youth[1] 58:10 various [3] 75:15 82:1 97: 81:1,12,14 85:9 86:10 88: 1 1 92:2 96:16 116:13 117: withdrew [1] 26:22 vary[1] 11:2 23 118:1 126:15 135:23,24 within [4] 135:7,19 136:7 vehicle [1] 52:11 139:15 141:1 144:10 148: 145:22 verbatim [1] 169:13 18 149:25 158:4,13 165:15, without [10] 4:5 12:4 22:5 version [3] 76:18 104:20 23,23 166:7,23 169:24 171: 35:6 37:23 38:6 48:15 99: 146:9 21 174:2 176:16,16 127:17 170:7 versions [1] 52:15 ways [11] 23:20 24:23 43: woefully [1] 167:5 versus [18] 3:5 29:16 37:9 12 61:25 72:9 99:24 101: woman [5] 65:18 94:4 126: 53:9 64:12 72:22 89:12 95: 16 161:19 164:2,9 169:25 152:24 153:14 99:2,14 107:18 111:20 weather [1] 38:4 women [4] 19:23,25 20:25 113:5 121:6 140:3 142:12 Wedding [13] 10:15 12:17, 100:17 175:18 176:16 20 27:21 56:16 57:5,10 wonder [2] 52:10 175:4 veterans [1] 100:19 125:13,18 127:19 129:21 wondering [1] 18:1 veto [3] 74:20,21 76:18 130:13 176:15 words [10] 15:5 39:24 79:2 view [25] 27:4 47:18 66:22 week [2] 130:3,9 108:21 110:18 153:15 158: 74:24 82:15 85:24 87:1 91: weigh [1] 29:15 7,20 167:13 177:2 19,22 92:3,4 99:6,11 100: Weisman [1] 121:6 work [9] 20:1 21:1 65:20 102:20 108:9 109:10 welcome [3] 5:9 66:11 102: 72:14 81:14 92:5 100:17 Sheet 15 unfortunate - youth