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City of Arlington, Texas et al. v. Federal Communications Commission et al.

Oral argument transcript · No. 11-1545 · October Term 2012 · argued January 16, 2013 · the respondent won

Decision: votes, opinion and citations · Official transcript (PDF) · Argument audio at the Supreme Court

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Transcript

From the Court's official transcript; speaker labels as in the transcript, with advocates' full names from its list of appearances.

Chief Justice Roberts: We'll hear argument first this morning in Case 11-1545, City of Arlington, Texas v. The Federal Communications Commission and the consolidated case. Mr. Goldstein? ORAL ARGUMENT OF THOMAS C. GOLDSTEIN ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Thomas C. Goldstein: Mr. Chief Justice, thank you very much. May it please the Court: This case can get complicated, quickly, because the word "jurisdiction" means a lot of different things to a lot of different people, in a lot of different contexts, and the parties have advanced both broad and narrow theories for resolving the case. So the thing I can do, most helpfully, at the beginning, I think, is to frame where I believe the real dispute in the case lies. The FCC claims the authority to interpret Section 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act with the force of law. And my argument today is limited to the question -- that threshold jurisdictional question, which we call interpretive jurisdiction, Iowa Utilities called it underlying jurisdiction, law professors like Alderson Reporting Company Official to call it Chevron Step Zero, but that's what I'm focused on. And the Fifth Circuit said that, on that question, the FCC gets Chevron deference. And that is it gets to decide whether it has the authority to interpret the --

Justice Ginsburg: Mr. Goldstein, this case has been presented in a very complicated way, but it seems to me that what we're dealing with is a rule adopted by the Commission, and the Commission's rule-making power, as you know, is very broad. They have power to make the rules needed to carry out the provisions of the Act. And 332 is -- counts as a provision of the Act. So why isn't it just a proper implementation of that rule-making authority?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Well, Justice Ginsburg, the question on which you granted certiorari was how to decide that question, not what is the answer to that question. What the Fifth Circuit did, acknowledging a circuit conflict, was decided that the FCC's assertion that you are right is, itself, entitled to Chevron deference.

Justice Breyer: All right. Suppose you win on that, okay? Alderson Reporting Company Official

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Breyer: Or I -- I grant you, I don't see any reason for that. The question is just whether Congress intended them to have a degree of discretionary power, but all the arguments that we hear still count against you. So -- so if you want to go into the Chevron Step Zero or Step Minus Alpha 13.6, I mean, fine. (Laughter.)

Justice Breyer: But, I mean, at some point, I will hope you -- I hope you will go into what I'd call the question of we have a statute, just as Justice Ginsburg said, it's an expert statute. It is a statute in an agency that has all kinds of discretionary authority. It includes an important substantive question about what the relation is with the cable television in this area -- post -- not cable, but -- you know, the broadcast posts. And so all these factors here, which suggest, of course, Congress, which is not expert, would have wanted the FCC to figure this one out.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Okay. I --

Justice Breyer: That -- that -- at some point -- you don't have to go into it at all, if you don't want to, but I just want to put that on the table. Alderson Reporting Company Official (Laughter.)

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Breyer, I do want to talk about it. I do hope --

Justice Breyer: You don't have to talk about it now, but you can talk about it whenever you want. (Laughter.)

Thomas C. Goldstein: I appreciate it. But I'd like to talk about the things you want to hear me talk about. I am very conscious of the fact, let me say, that the Court limited this grant of certiorari to the first question presented, which was the abstract Chevron question, and so I just don't want to jump the gun --

Justice Ginsburg: But if the abstract question really isn't presented -- I mean, just to follow on what I asked you first, here is a phrase, "a reasonable time." And the Commission interprets that phrase in a reasonable way. Why is this case any more complicated than that? Why doesn't the FCC have the authority to interpret that term, within a reasonable time?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Ginsburg, you -- you and Justice Breyer have both asked me to turn to that question, so I'm going to do it. The only point I'm Alderson Reporting Company Official making is that all of these questions assume that we are right on the question presented, which I think we obviously are. So I'm happy to move on, but I just did not want to hurry past the legal question on which you granted certiorari.

Justice Scalia: Well, don't, because I don't -- I don't think it's so clear. (Laughter.)

Thomas C. Goldstein: Okay.

Justice Scalia: Look, what you've told us is jurisdiction means a lot of things, but what you mean by it is real jurisdiction, right?

Thomas C. Goldstein: I mean -- what I mean by it --

Justice Scalia: Chevron Step Zero jurisdiction. That doesn't clarify things very much for me. What if -- what if the statute in this case said, the FCC shall have no jurisdiction to establish time limits within which the States must act?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Scalia: Okay? Would that be a jurisdictional question?

Thomas C. Goldstein: That would. That would be --

Justice Scalia: Okay. What if the statute Alderson Reporting Company Official just said, the FCC shall not establish time limits within which the States must act. Is that jurisdictional?

Thomas C. Goldstein: That is a different kind of jurisdictional question. It is a jurisdictional question. Justice Scalia, so maybe I can help you, just on the question of what I'm talking about and whether I can draw -- whether I can draw my line or whether it's just malleable and every court's going to get drawn into it, which I suspect you may be concerned about. Okay? The kind of jurisdiction I'm talking about is what you called, in your Iowa Utilities opinion for the Court, "underlying jurisdiction." And, in Iowa Utilities, in the discussion of the FCC's underlying jurisdiction, you undertook the judicial task of looking at the words of the statute and figuring out that Congress did intend, along the lines of the theory that Justice Ginsburg just articulated, that the FCC did have the power to implement those provisions of the '96 Act. And in -- as we have rehearsed, to be honest, every one of your Chevron opinions deals with this question: Just did the agency have the power to interpret this statutory provision with the force of Alderson Reporting Company Official law? You and the -- all of your colleagues on the Court have always decided that question de novo.

Justice Scalia: I -- I don't think so. In fact, I think we have said in -- in a number of opinions -- and, certainly, I have said in a concurrence -- that the jurisdictional question, like any other question -- an alleged jurisdictional question, like any other one, is to be decided with deference to the agency. Now, if you -- if you talk -- if you want to limit your proposal --

Thomas C. Goldstein: I do.

Justice Scalia: -- to the -- to the entry question --

Thomas C. Goldstein: I do.

Justice Scalia: -- of whether the FCC has jurisdiction to administer the Federal Communications Act, I agree with you. I will decide that without listening to the FCC. But that's -- that's a good deal short of whether, given that it does have jurisdiction to administer the Federal Communications Act, its implementation of this particular provision goes beyond what its authority is. That seems, to me, a question of -- you can call everything that's ultra vires in excess of the Alderson Reporting Company Official agency's jurisdiction, you can. But that's not -- that's not what we mean by the entry jurisdictional question, does the agency have authority to administer this Act.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Okay. Justice Scalia, the place where -- I do limit myself to the entry point and the place where you and I are going to disagree is whether the entry point is just the generic question, does the FCC administer the whole Act or the somewhat more narrow question, does the FCC administer this statutory provision?

Justice Kennedy: Are there some statutes where parts of the statute are subject to the agency's Chevron rule-making authority and its zero plus one jurisdiction and other parts are not? You just mentioned the case by Justice Scalia -- and I'm not sure that that involved that because it does seem to me, just reading through, that "reasonable time," that sounds like something that -- where we can have a specific elaboration of what it means. And to say that the jurisdiction of the agency or the authority of the agency does not extend to rules seems a little odd at first. I recognize the federalism problems and so forth.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes. Okay. The answer to Alderson Reporting Company Official your question is yes, and the best example is this statute. It is uncontested and incontestable that the -- the FCC does not administer all of the Communications Act. This Court so held, squarely, in the Louisiana Public Service Commission case, in which, there, Congress added to the Communications Act Sections 251 and 252. And there was a provision in that statute that said -- that limited the scope of the FCC's power, as we say Section 332(c)(7) does. We will have to go through that and debate that. But the Communications Act is plainly -- and there are other provisions as well. But the best example is the Louisiana PSC case. And so --

Chief Justice Roberts: So your understanding of jurisdiction and what you're arguing for today is nothing more or less than this is a provision as to which Congress did not give the agency law-making authority. You do not defer to the agency with respect to this provision because it's outside its jurisdiction in the sense that it gets deference.

Thomas C. Goldstein: That is correct. I would only cabinet it in the following way: And there's -- the question on which you granted certiorari is does the FCC get Chevron deference in its assertion that it gets Alderson Reporting Company Official to interpret 332(c)(7) with the force of law. I think --

Chief Justice Roberts: Right. Now, the reason -- the reason we are hearing all about jurisdiction and it's kind of dressed up --

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Chief Justice Roberts: -- is simply because the means by which Congress made clear it was not giving the FCC authority to get deference, however that is phrased, is this 7(a), which speaks about nothing will limit the authority of the States.

Thomas C. Goldstein: It's that --

Chief Justice Roberts: If it weren't for that, if it were some other type of provision, that -- we wouldn't call it jurisdiction, but we would just say, the FCC doesn't get deference to it.

Thomas C. Goldstein: It would be a very easy jurisdictional question. We rely on two provisions of 332(c)(7) to establish the proposition that Congress did not intend the general rule-making authority in Section 201(b) of the Communications Act to extend to 332(c)(7). And those are --

Justice Scalia: That's -- that's no different from our holding in any case that the agency has no authority to issue this rule. It has rule-making Alderson Reporting Company Official authority, but this rule goes too far, which is to say Congress did not give the agency authority to go this far.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Scalia --

Justice Scalia: It's -- it's always a question of how much authority Congress gave the agency.

Thomas C. Goldstein: We disagree. And I understand that you have a vision of how Chevron deference operates. We disagree with it in this respect, respectfully, and that is we believe that every one of this Court's Chevron precedents has started -- sometimes, only in a sentence, because, often, it's very simple -- often, it's uncontestable -- that it's a provision of the Communications Act that does fall within, for example, the FCC's 201(b) authority. But it is always as -- you have always approached that question as judges. First, we decide does the FCC have the power to implement this statute?

Justice Kagan: Well, Mr. Goldstein, at one level, you are right. It's just a level that doesn't help you very much. I mean, it's -- it's true that, always, there is an initial question of whether an agency is entitled to Chevron deference. But, usually, the way we answer that question is just this: We say is this the agency's organic statute? Yes. Alderson Reporting Company Official Does that organic statute provide the agency with lawmaking power? Yes. Has the agency acted in accordance with that lawmaking-- under that lawmaking power? Yes. Well, then, the agency gets deference. We go on to the next thing, which is Step One and Step Two. So -- you know, we don't -- what we don't do is this sort of provision by provision, subsection by subsection, did Congress have a special intent as to this subject matter or that subject matter or the other subject matter? We've just had some very simple rules about what gets you into the box where an agency is entitled to deference.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Kagan, I disagree. I honestly disagree. I'm going to give you three cases that I think show that I am right and that your articulation of your -- that approach is not correct. And I encourage you to ask the Solicitor General what his best case is. It may be he thinks American Hospital, which I'll talk about. Here are my three cases: Louisiana Public Service Commission, provision by provision, the Court looked de novo at the question of whether Sections 251 and 252 of the Communications Act were subject to the general rule-making power. It said no. Alderson Reporting Company Official Adams Fruit, another case where the Secretary of Labor had general rule-making authority over the agricultural worker protection statute. And the Court looked specifically at the private right of action and said, your authority doesn't extend here. And the last one is Meade, where the Customs Service has the general authority to administer that statute. And, instead, the Court looked at the specific provision involved, and it said, do you have lawmaking authority with the respect to these interpretive rulings? And so it has always done some --

Justice Scalia: Did -- did it say, in all of those cases, we give no deference to the agency's contrary determination because this is a jurisdictional question? Did it say anything like that?

Thomas C. Goldstein: It did not. I have not --

Justice Scalia: I didn't think so.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Scalia, I will tell you this: I am not overclaiming the cases. I am describing what happened in them, particularly on the axis of whether the Court went provision by provision.

Justice Scalia: Very -- very often, I could decide a case -- you know, the lower courts are running away from the question of deference vel non because things have been so confused by Meade. So they simply Alderson Reporting Company Official decide the question assuming no deference to the agency. That doesn't prove that, in that particular case, the agency wouldn't have been entitled to deference.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Scalia, let me tell you why --

Justice Scalia: Whether it was or not, it would have come out this way. So those three cases don't -- don't prove what you say they prove.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Scalia, here's why I disagree: I picked three cases for a very specific reason, in that each of those three cases rejected the assertion of jurisdiction. And so that, if Chevron were applying, the Court would have had to find that the statute was unambiguous. And it didn't do that in any of those cases.

Justice Kennedy: And could you add that, in those three cases -- or at least Meade, some respect was given to the agency's due?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes, absolutely.

Justice Kennedy: It was just not the sort of deference that's so wooden under Chevron.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Absolutely, Justice --

Justice Kagan: But take Meade, Mr. -- I'm sorry. Did --

Thomas C. Goldstein: I did. I agreed with Alderson Reporting Company Official Justice Kennedy vociferously. That was -- that was the end of my answer. (Laughter.)

Justice Kagan: And Meade presented -- whatever you think of Meade, it's a very different question from this because what the majority in Meade said was that the agency wasn't entitled to deference because it was acting by way of these opinion letters that weren't -- that didn't have the force of law. So that's the threshold question, is does the agency have power to make rules with the force of law, and is the agency exercising that power? That is a threshold question that has been set by this Court. It's a very different kind of question from provision by provision, subsection by subsection, did -- did Congress think that the agency had authority over this particular subject matter or not.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Okay. I have two -- I have three answers. They will be brief. Louisiana Public Service Commission and Adams Fruit are as I described them. The reason that Meade is helpful to me is on a different axis than you've described. And that is that the agency there had a general -- generally applicable authority in which it could have urged that its Alderson Reporting Company Official authority to issue those rule-makings, that it was entitled to deference on its view of its power to issue rulings with the force of law. But the third thing that I want to say is let me just take --

Justice Scalia: Before you get to that, I'm really surprised at your response to Justice Kennedy, that you agree that, even where the agency has no jurisdiction, although you won't give Chevron deference, you will give whatever the other kind of deference.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Skidmore.

Justice Scalia: Why would you give Skidmore deference, if some non-jurisdictional agency comes in and says, hey, by the way, court -- you know, I think this is the right answer? Oh, we will listen to that respectfully. We won't necessarily give you Chevron -- why would you give it any deference at all, if there is no jurisdiction?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Because, Justice Scalia, Skidmore deference is, as you know, of course -- and you have been a very -- a very powerful critic of it, obviously, in your opinions -- that it is the -- you give the agency the respect of the persuasiveness of its opinion. And I took -- or I -- the part of the comment that I was agreeing with Justice Kennedy was -- is, as Alderson Reporting Company Official Justice Ginsburg has suggested, the FCC understands the Communications Act.

Justice Kennedy: And you might also have said, it seems to me, that that assumes the issue -- assumes the premise.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Kennedy: The question is, is there jurisdiction or not?

Thomas C. Goldstein: And that -- that --

Justice Kennedy: If you say, when there is no jurisdiction, why do you give deference, that -- that assumes the very step -- the very question we are trying to resolve.

Justice Scalia: And that's all you think that Skidmore deference means? You will listen to opinions that make sense, right?

Thomas C. Goldstein: We -- the Court has -- I am quoting the Court.

Justice Scalia: But just to agency opinions, it makes sense, not to --

Thomas C. Goldstein: It more than makes sense, Justice Scalia. I think that there -- there is a common-sense element to this, and that is that the FCC, we recognize that it has its expertise. The question is do we have to -- when the statute is ambiguous, as it Alderson Reporting Company Official will often be, do we have to accept, as a matter of law, their view that they do have jurisdiction? I do want to --

Justice Ginsburg: Mr. Goldstein, in following that, it seems to me you -- you are basing your argument on what is said in 7(a). And that preserves the authority of the local governments. But the provision that we are talking about is (b), and (b) says limitations, authority that the local governments do not have, and among those limitations is that they have to act within a reasonable time.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes. Okay.

Justice Ginsburg: I just don't understand how the FCC's general rule-making authority is removed as to a provision that limits what the State and local governments can do.

Thomas C. Goldstein: All right. You and Justice Breyer have encouraged me to get to the merits question, so let me turn the corner, if I might, to how we think a court would look at this question de novo. We have two points. One is the statutory provision, and this is going to be at pages 1 and 2 of the cert petition, if you have that copy in front of you. The statute -- and so, Justice Ginsburg, I Alderson Reporting Company Official am going to answer your question, but I want to make a couple of quick points about our offensive argument about why it is Congress didn't intend the FCC to implement the statute with the force of law. It begins with preservation of local zoning authority. Subsection (a) says, "Except as provided in this paragraph, nothing in this Act" -- which includes Section 201(b) -- "shall limit or affect the authority of a State or local government with respect to this subject matter." Then, in Subsection (b)(5) -- Justice Ginsburg, you said the essence of the statute is (b). In subsection (b)(5), Congress located the enforcement power of this statute in the courts. "Any" -- and this is it at the bottom of 2, "Any person adversely affected by any final action or failure to act by a State or local government or any instrumentality thereof" --

Justice Ginsburg: But you are -- you are skipping over (2), which is the phrase "reasonable time."

Thomas C. Goldstein: I -- I could read the whole thing, Justice Ginsburg. My point is going to be that that "reasonable period of time" phrase is enforced through the courts. Now, Congress -- Alderson Reporting Company Official

Justice Ginsburg: Just -- just on a practical level --

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Ginsburg: -- what sense does it make to read this to say that each time there is a dispute that comes to the Court, the Court will decide in that particular case, with no guide at all, what the reasonable time is?

Thomas C. Goldstein: I -- I will, now, turn to that question. It makes enormous sense, and it was explained by the conferees in the conference report at page 209 of the petition appendix. And what happened here is that -- that the House version of the bill instructed the FCC to conduct a rule-making and the rule-making would set standards for establishing a reasonable period of time. The Senate came along, which had no such provision and said, no, we are going to have a provision that, instead, says that nothing else in the Act will apply to this question; that you will go to the courts, rather than to have a rule-making, the rule-making must be canceled, and then explained its intent. And so if I could just read that to you, very quickly --

Justice Scalia: Suppose I didn't know that, and I'm just looking at the text, okay? Alderson Reporting Company Official

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Scalia: There are innumerable statutes which, after giving of the agency rule-making authority, provide judicial -- you know, review under this statute shall be held in such-and-such a court. There is no conflict whatever between a statement that any person affected can sue in Federal court and the possession by an agency of rule-making authority. The -- the two simply don't conflict.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Justice Scalia, I -- my point is that it is a point in our favor, particularly when you compare -- (b)(5) has two parts, in addition to the statutory history, which was -- told the FCC to cancel the rule-making on this point. Subsection (b)(5) says, you go -- on the reasonable period of time provision, you go to the courts; and, on questions related to radio frequency emissions, which is also covered by (c)(7)(A), you go to the FCC. And what the conferees explained, quite clearly, Justice Ginsburg, is that you can have two different visions of what reasonable period of time is. And that is a general -- this is -- the first one is what the FCC you would expect to implement, and that is a reasonable period of time is a general national standard, a kind of baseline. Alderson Reporting Company Official What they said is a presumption of 90 or 150 days. And that's what we think, generally, the FCC will decide how long it takes to act on a wireless application. Or you could think about reasonable period of time as within the locality, and that is, is the locality following its ordinary standards for resolving siting applications and not discriminating against wireless applications. And that -- the latter is what Congress intended. And it makes every sense in the world, in the context of this statute, that Congress wanted that because, first, it has always been the case that State and local -- that wireless siting and all siting decisions are decided by localities, not by the Federal government --

Justice Ginsburg: How do you know -- how do you know when it's 30 days after a failure to act?

Thomas C. Goldstein: That, Justice Ginsburg -- just to put this in context, the government says that the FCC was concerned that the wireless companies wouldn't know when to go to court. They cite no case in which that was ever an issue, neither the wireless companies, nor them. And --

Justice Kennedy: Well, I wouldn't know when to go to court. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Thomas C. Goldstein: Because it's a continuing violation.

Justice Kennedy: Let me -- let me ask you this: Suppose there is a provision of this statute which is very difficult to understand.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Kennedy: Does that bear on the Chevron Step Zero analysis on the question of what you call jurisdiction?

Thomas C. Goldstein: It does, Justice Kennedy.

Justice Kennedy: All right. It seems, to me, that Justice Ginsburg identifies a real point. I was looking at this statute, and I say -- you know, how do I know when this agency has failed to act? I don't -- that's a very obscure data point.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Okay. Two things, Justice Kennedy. First is I will tell you that Congress consciously used phrases, "reasonable period of time" and "substantial evidence contained in a written record" -- those are the subdivisions of subparagraph (b), which Justice Ginsburg was pointing to, because those are judicially administered standards. And I will just read you one sentence from the conference report. "The phrase 'substantial evidence contained in a written record' is the Alderson Reporting Company Official actions," the agency here being the locality. And, Justice Kennedy, on your question and --

Justice Ginsburg: Where does that say anything about what you just read about what is a reasonable time?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Kennedy: Was that at 209?

Thomas C. Goldstein: That was at 210, Justice Kennedy. There is a similar passage relating to "reasonable period of time." It's quite clear. I believe -- the conference report is four or five pages long. When you have the opportunity to read it again, I think you will see that Congress was adopting local standards, local -- a local approach to deciding this question, against a broader framework. Can I just answer Justice Kennedy's --

Justice Sotomayor: Mr. Goldstein, could you go back to the question presented?

Thomas C. Goldstein: Sure.

Justice Sotomayor: I have read a lot of briefs in this case, and I don't have any idea what to tell a lower court. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Sotomayor: How to articulate the tests or how to apply it.

Thomas C. Goldstein: Yes.

Justice Sotomayor: Given that you started with saying, it's almost impossible to talk about what's jurisdictional and what's an application of jurisdiction. So articulate the test, and tell me what I tell the lower courts.

Thomas C. Goldstein: The lower courts decide de novo whether the agency was given the power to interpret a particular provision with the force of law. That's the entry point question -- the threshold question. All of this works --

Justice Sotomayor: So that's what the court here did. It looked at the Communications Act. It said, it has the power --

Thomas C. Goldstein: It did not --

Justice Sotomayor: -- to pass regulations with respect to this Act. There is no clear exception. I -- I still haven't quite understood, other than in the academic literature, what the difference between Step Zero and Step One is. And so there is an ambiguity, and, now, the agency is given deference. So where in this conversation is there -- Alderson Reporting Company Official

Thomas C. Goldstein: Here's where it went wrong -- here's where it went wrong: It looked at the statute. It found the relationship between 332(c)(7) and 201(b) ambiguous. And, when it found ambiguity, then it said it was compelled to accept the FCC's reading. It did not resolve that ambiguity itself, as it would in any other case involving statutory construction. Before I sit down, Justice Kennedy and Justice Ginsburg have raised the point that the government did, that when does someone know when to go to court? AND the only part of my answer I got in was that there are no cases identifying that as a problem, and the reason is that it's a continuing violation. No communications provider, so far as we are aware, was ever thrown out of court for coming in too late, for a failure to act, because every day the State and locality didn't act is regarded as an alleged violation, and it doesn't take away from jurisdiction to go to court. There are no cases that support their concern. If I could reserve the remainder of my time?

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. General Verrilli? Alderson Reporting Company Official ORAL ARGUMENT OF DONALD B. VERRILLI, JR., ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: Let me start with a central point that I think cuts through most of the arguments that Petitioner has made this morning. Chevron does apply to a court's review of an agency's determination of ITS jurisdiction, but only after a court concludes that Congress has delegated to the agency, generally, the authority to make rules carrying the force of law and that the rule in question was promulgated in exercise of that authority.

Justice Kennedy: As -- as to that specific provision?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: No, in general. I think that the language this Court used, taken from Meade, last term in Astrue, in the unanimous opinion for the Court in Mayo the term before, was is the authority -- is -- is the agency vested with authority, generally, to make rules with the force of law.

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, that's right, but your argument it seems, to me, can't be -- let's say you have a general statute, and you've got a provision at the beginning that says this is -- authority to Alderson Reporting Company Official interpret this is delegated to the agency. And you go along, but then, all of a sudden, in -- you know, Section 123, it says it doesn't get any deference interpreting this provision. Now, you would not say that the first general one controls the specific withdrawal of deference, would you?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I would not, Mr. Chief Justice.

Chief Justice Roberts: No. You would say you don't get deference on 123. And, as I understand the case -- and that's why I persist in thinking there's no great disagreement here, your friend on the other side is saying that, particularly given 7(a) and some other things, you should read 7(b)(2) as if Congress had said, Agency, you don't get any deference here. You can read it that way, they say, because 7(a) says nothing shall limit what the State can do, other than what's here in the statute. And, if you let the FCC -- if you give them deference, you're letting something else limit what the State can do. So why -- and then you dispute, it seems to me, just whether that you should call that jurisdiction or not because people think of jurisdiction as meaning, oh, you don't get through the door. But, if what they mean by jurisdiction is simply that the agency gets no Alderson Reporting Company Official deference on this point, then it seems to me everybody's saying the same thing.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Well, I'm not sure I agree with that, Mr. Chief Justice, because I think the point here is that to the extent -- once you've satisfied that general threshold that I identified, then to the extent there is ambiguity -- if the statute is clear -- and in Your Honor's hypothetical I'd submit the statute is clear at that point, that the agency -- that the agency's authority has been carved out with respect to that particular provision. If it's clear, you don't get to the question of whether there's any deference due. The issue arises when there's ambiguity. And our position is --

Chief Justice Roberts: Ambiguity in the provision that says, Agency, you get no deference? Or ambiguity in the substantive provision at issue?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Either one because --

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, but, if there's no ambiguity on the provision that says you get no deference, then it doesn't matter whether there's ambiguity on the subsidiary one, right?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: That -- that's correct.

Chief Justice Roberts: Okay.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: But if there is ambiguity Alderson Reporting Company Official on the first, our position is that Chevron applies and that the agency gets deference, so long as it's a permissible construction of the statute. And that's true whether you call it jurisdiction and -- or whether you call it substance. And one reason for that, Mr. Chief Justice, is that I don't think there is -- I do think this is really a Pandora's Box situation. I do not think there is a clear, neat dividing line between what my friend, Mr. Goldstein, describes as a jurisdictional issue, an issue of interpretive authority, and a question of substance. And I think you can see that in the briefing in this case. Mr. Goldstein has tried to define jurisdiction in a particular way; the IMLA has defined it in a very different way. They say any question that goes to the who, what, when, or where of an agency's assertion of authority is a jurisdictional question, as to which agencies get no Chevron deference in the course of ambiguity. And the reason that IMLA gives for stating that position is exactly the same reason that Mr. Goldstein gives for stating his position, which is that you're talking about an agency action in excess of the scope of its delegated authority, and, once you say Alderson Reporting Company Official that, there's no Chevron deference. And I would respectfully submit, once you have got a situation in which it is clear that the agency has general authority to implement and the argument is whether its authority to implement has, with respect to a particular provision, has been carved out, at that point, Chevron deference is appropriate, and that is the practice of this Court in repeated numbers of cases. American Hospital Association is certainly one such case where the -- the NLRB had general rule-making authority. There was a statutory provision that said bargaining units needed to be determined by the NLRB in each case. And the argument was made that that ought to be understood as a carveout from the NLRB's general authority requiring case-by-case decisionmaking with respect to bargaining units. And the Court rejected that argument, saying that -- that, in that case, whatever ambiguity there was in the statute ought to be resolved under Chevron in favor of the agency. Schor -- CFTC v. Schor is a comparable case. And I would submit Iowa Utilities Board is a case --

Justice Sotomayor: All right. General, let's go back to the question presented and break down Alderson Reporting Company Official your argument. Is it your position that what the Court asks first is whether Congress has spoken clearly on the agency having authority or not? Is that subject to de novo review?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Our position -- let me walk through the steps of our position and how we answer the question presented.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. But tell me what -- what gets deference when and what's subject to de novo review.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Here's our answer to the question presented, Justice Sotomayor: That there is de novo review of the question of whether Congress has delegated authority to the agency, generally, to act with the force of law and whether the interpretation claiming deference is an exercise of that delegated authority. Once that is satisfied under de novo review, Chevron kicks in. Now, Step One of Chevron is, of course, de novo review using the normal tools of statutory construction to answer the question whether Congress has spoken clearly on the issue of whether the agency has authority. If the answer is that Congress has, then that disposes of the case. Alderson Reporting Company Official If Congress hasn't, then one moves to Step Two of Chevron and asks whether the agency's interpretation of the provision at issue, whether you call it substantive or whether you call it jurisdiction, is a permissible construction. Is it within the bounds of what the language can reasonably accommodate it? And, if it is, the agency is upheld. That's the way we think the issue in this case should be analyzed. That's the way we think every issue should be analyzed under Chevron. We think that's what this case is -- this Court's cases say. We think this is what the Court uniformly and routinely does in analyzing these questions. I think --

Justice Sotomayor: So deal with the three cases he mentioned.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Louisiana Public Service Commission, a little bit of confusion, I think, about that case. That case was decided in 1986. Congress added the sections Mr. Goldstein referred to, 251 and 252 of -- of the Communications Act, in 1996. And what Louisiana Public Service Commission did was define the outer limits of the Commission's authority. It said nothing shall be -- nothing in this Act shall give or -- shall be construed to give the commission authority or jurisdiction over intrastate Alderson Reporting Company Official communications, so it was an express carveout. That seems, to me, had you had run that through the Chevron analysis, it'd be a pretty straightforward Chevron Step One case. Adams Fruit, the - the Court held specifically in Adams Fruit that the plain meaning of the statutory provision at issue foreclosed the agency's interpretation. And that's at 494 U.S., at page 646. So that was a Chevron Step One case. It then did go on to say, with respect to Chevron Step Two, that, even if we were going to think about granting the agency deference here, they wouldn't get it. But I think the reasons -- if you map the reasoning of Adams Fruit onto this case, it supports our position and not Mr. Goldstein's. What the Court said in Adams Fruit was that the Department of Labor did have the authority to implement the substantive provisions of the Agricultural Workers Protection Act, including the substantive provisions governing motor vehicle safety. What it didn't have was the authority to restrict judicial remedies available for the private cause of action created under the statute. Well, if you map that onto here, what the FCC has done here with respect to the reasonable time Alderson Reporting Company Official provision in 332(c)(7)(B) of the statute was to provide a rule of decision for the substantive provision of the Act, leaving to the courts the decision of what remedy, if any, there would be for a violation of those substantive provisions. And so it's -- it totally maps onto -- to the FCC's interpretation of the right way to think about statutory authority in this case. And if I -- I'm sorry, Justice Breyer.

Justice Breyer: Well, what worries me about it is you -- you and I both have, in our offices, thousands of words which are in the U.S. Code, and there are hundreds of thousands -- or millions of employees, in millions of different kinds of agencies, and, if we turn Chevron into the tax code, it's going to be a nightmare -- in my opinion, not necessarily in that of my colleagues. So, as you know, I've written somewhat a different approach. And it says, let's not do this. But just so, who would win here? Suppose you just said, look, what we're interested in is just one question, whether Congress wanted a court to give, in this kind of situation, deference to the agency. And the answer will be, it depends. Chevron is a good rule of thumb, but it isn't a straightjacket. Alderson Reporting Company Official So what you'd look at here is it's the FCC that is in charge of national communications, of which this is part. There is a specific provision, as your colleague points out, that says, "but don't interfere with the States when they are citing stuff." But then there is a limitation to that specific provision, which consists of six or seven parts, all of which maintain a lot of authority in the FCC or rules about what they are not supposed to do. And then, here, it uses the word "reasonable." So where you have a Federal agency with expertise that's in charge of this kind of area and they have rule-making authority, and you have a statute like this, which is a little bit ambiguous, but not too, in respect to the point about whether they do interpretation, you'd add up those factors and make a decision.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: So --

Justice Breyer: I mean, that's such a simple -- I mean, that's Louis Jaffe. That -- that's the founders of administrative law. That's everybody until we get into a straightjacket. And it isn't -- even Chevron doesn't go against us, if you don't think of it as a straightjacket.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Two points. First, Alderson Reporting Company Official applying that approach, I think it's pretty clear that one would uphold the FCC's judgment here. Second, I understand that that's Your Honor's approach. I don't --

Justice Breyer: I didn't make it up. It was Louis Jaffe.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I understand that Your Honor is the most recent proponent of this approach.

Justice Scalia: That -- that's no better. Louis Jaffe isn't even a member of the Court. (Laughter.)

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: But -- but I think the Court is in a different place. And I think the Court is in a different place for a good reason because I think it's our interpretation of Chevron that avoids turning it into the complexity of the Internal Revenue Code because I think, if you think about what my friends on the other side are proposing here, what they're suggesting is that, once you've cleared that initial hurdle of deciding the agency has general authority to implement the statute with the force of law and that this is an exercise of that general authority and, therefore, not --

Justice Breyer: I mean, I think you can show, which I will spare you at the moment, all the Alderson Reporting Company Official cases like Meade are consistent with what I said. And cases that are not consistent are consistent with what Judge Friendly said years ago, where he said there is no coherence to the Supreme Court's cases in this area; when they like a result, they say they have deference, and, when they don't like it, they say they don't.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I guess I would beg to differ about that. I think our -- our view is that Chevron does provide a stable framework for the development of administrative law.

Justice Scalia: Justice Breyer would replace that with a rule, where they like the agency to have authority, it has it, and, where they don't like it to have authority, it doesn't. I'm not sure that's any better than --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I guess -- I guess --

Justice Scalia: -- a description of the Chevron --

Justice Breyer: You don't have to -- I'm sorry I brought this up. (Laughter.)

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: With respect to the issue -- with respect to the issue that's in front of the Court now, I think the -- I think the -- what my friends on the other side are asking is, actually, for Alderson Reporting Company Official an additional layer of complexity in the analysis, even after the general authority is established to -- to make rules with the force of law and even after it's established that the rule at issue is -- has been done in the exercise of that, what my friend on the other side suggests is there is another layer of de novo review there to answer the question of whether this particular provision --

Chief Justice Roberts: Right. Well --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: -- gives authority to act with the force of law.

Chief Justice Roberts: Your friend on the other side has another set of arguments about why you should treat this particular provision differently, and that is because it concerns the authority, or lack thereof, of State and local government agencies. Now, does that play any role at all in your analysis.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Yes.

Chief Justice Roberts: We are not -- you know, obviously, the dividing line between State authority and Federal authority is a more significant one than some of the other questions as to which agencies get deference, which is whether rates are reasonable or not reasonable. And this provision is Alderson Reporting Company Official written in terms of a preservation of State authority. And your view would give the Federal agency deference under Chevron -- very considerable deference in defining when there should be Federal authority and when there should be State. Is that, at all, a pertinent consideration?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It is definitely a pertinent consideration, Mr. Chief Justice. And let me talk about that in general and then move to the specifics in this case. In general, it's a pertinent consideration that is accommodated within the Chevron framework. At Chevron Step One, the Court applies the normal tools of statutory construction. The normal tools of statutory construction include a clear statement rule, they include the presumption against preemption. And this Court -- I -- one point --

Chief Justice Roberts: Normal -- I'm sorry I interrupt you, but the normal rules of statutory construction include a clear statement rule?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Well, when the question is whether Congress -- and let me try to view this with a specific case, the Solid Waste of Cook County case. That's a case in which the Court declined -- it didn't say that that issue there was exempt from Chevron Alderson Reporting Company Official analysis. It applied the Chevron framework. And it said it's Step One of Chevron because the Migratory Bird Rule pushed to the very outer limits of Congress's commerce clause authority, that the Court was going to apply a clear statement rule in that situation before assuming that --

Chief Justice Roberts: Who has to -- who has to be clear on their statement? Which way?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Congress has to be clear in its --

Chief Justice Roberts: That it intended to intrude upon State authority?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: That it intended to give that authority to that extent -- exactly.

Justice Kennedy: But the -- the agencies have no historic responsibility or tradition, quite unlike Article III courts, of safeguarding the Federal balance.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: But -- but Chevron Step One is, of course, applied by the courts, Justice Kennedy, and that's where the protection comes in. And with respect to this particular --

Justice Scalia: I don't understand the question, to tell you the truth. This matter is not left with the States. It's going to be decided by a Alderson Reporting Company Official Federal instrumentality, right? Either by the agency, which says, 30 days is the rule, or by Federal courts, which perhaps could issue opinions that say, 30 days is the rule. I mean, this -- you know, it's an interesting separation of powers question within the Federal government, but I don't see how it's a question of whether it's the States or the Federal government that's -- that's going to call the tune here. It's going to be the Federal government, isn't it?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: That is the -- was going to be my specific point in response to your question, Mr. Chief Justice.

Chief Justice Roberts: No, it wasn't going to be that. That -- the idea that there is no difference between the Federal judiciary defining the limits between the State and Federal power and having an agency of unelected bureaucrats responsible to the executive saying when the State controls and when the Federal controls, those are vastly different propositions.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Yes, but there is a third variable here, and that's what's key, which is, in this situation -- in 332(c)(7)(B), the limitations provision, Congress has spoken, unambiguously, and said that the Alderson Reporting Company Official following limitations on local zoning authority must be respected.

Chief Justice Roberts: Yes.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: And no one has suggested that that was at the outer limit of Congress's Commerce Clause authority or anywhere close to it. And --

Chief Justice Roberts: But they have also said -- they have also said, in (7)(a), that those are the only limits, not add on to this any limits that unelected bureaucrats might decide to impose, and will give them -- and the courts must give them vast deference in enforcing those limits.

Justice Kennedy: Unelected Federal bureaucrats. (Laughter.)

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: But I -- but I do think -- I do think that what Justice Scalia said is correct, that the question here is not whether the States will decide. The question, at the end of the day, is whether the agency will be able to exercise its usual authority to interpret reasonable --

Justice Scalia: Don't -- don't you think that the --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: -- whether Federal courts will make those decisions on a case-by-case basis upon Alderson Reporting Company Official de novo review.

Justice Scalia: Don't you -- don't you think that the issue of whether unelected Federal bureaucrats should decide it or unelected Federal judges should decide it is an issue of separation of powers, rather than an issue of -- of Federal/State relations?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I do think -- in that -- in that respect, I think this case is really just like Iowa Utilities Board, in that the argument there --

Chief Justice Roberts: I'm sorry. Is it AT&T v. --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Yes.

Chief Justice Roberts: Okay.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: In that -- in that -- the argument there was that you ought not interpret the FCC to have authority to implement particular rules because Congress gave to State public utility commissions the responsibility to carry out and execute the rules and then, to Federal courts, the power to review them and cut the FCC out. And the argument there was that respect for States ought to lead you to conclude not to apply Chevron deference to the agency --

Justice Breyer: Okay. Now --

Chief Justice Roberts: But, in rejecting Alderson Reporting Company Official that argument in Section 2 of the opinion, the author of that opinion in nowhere, in no place, applied Chevron deference in answering that question. It was entirely de novo, unlike in Section 3, when it was finally decided, okay, we've got the answer here, and, now, we will defer to the agency on the substance of the determination.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I -- I understand that the Petitioners made that argument, Mr. Chief Justice. I read the opinion differently, and, if I could, I'll explain why. In Section 2 and looking at pages 384 and 385 of the opinion, after the Court had established that there was general authority, under Section 201(b), to implement the provisions of the Act, which I do think the Court established de novo, and we would agree that that's appropriate, the Court then moved on to consider these specific jurisdictional questions. And -- and the Court looked at the provision of the statute which gave authority to the State commissions and then considered the -- the argument that one ought to infer from that, that the FCC's cut out of the process. And the -- the opinion of the Court says, "We think this attributes to that task a greater degree Alderson Reporting Company Official of autonomy than the phrase 'establish any rates' necessarily implies." It seems to me what the Court was saying there -- and then, on the next page, says something very similar about the next argument that the -- that the challengers were making in that case. And I think --

Chief Justice Roberts: Does it cite --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It does not.

Chief Justice Roberts: -- in Part 2, which is --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It does not, Mr. Chief Justice, but --

Chief Justice Roberts: -- one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10 pages of analysis of the Chevron case?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It does not.

Chief Justice Roberts: Does it say they are applying Chevron deference?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It does not. But the conclusion -- I think my -- my friend has suggested that we weren't accurate in our discussion of the -- the concluding paragraph of this phrase. But I would like to turn the Court's attention to that because I think we were. This is at page 397 of the opinion.

Chief Justice Roberts: Okay. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: There is a sentence that starts, "The 1996 Act can be read to grant most promiscuous rights to the FCC vis-a-vis the State commissions and to competing carriers vis-a-vis the incumbents, and the Commission has chosen, in some instances, to read it that way, but Congress is well aware that the ambiguities it chooses to produce in the statute will be resolved by the implementing agency. We can only enforce the clear limits that the 1996 Act contains, which, in the present case, invalidate only Rule 319." Now, the jurisdictional dispute was the dispute between the FCC -- the FCC vis-a-vis the State commissions over who had the authority to implement the rules. So, while I -- I agree, Mr. Chief Justice, that Chevron is not cited in that Section 2 of the opinion, the tenor of that discussion does seem to me to say that the Court was looking, once it had established general authority, for clear evidence that Congress had intended to carve out, from that general authority, the particular provisions at issue and because the -- the provisions to which the challengers pointed did not necessarily imply an intent on the part of Congress to carve it out, that the Court wasn't going to find a Alderson Reporting Company Official carveout. So I do think that, really, the analysis in Iowa Utilities Board is quite consistent with that --

Justice Breyer: I -- I dissented in that, I think.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Yes, you had a different view.

Justice Breyer: Right. And so I agree with you, this flows a fortiori from the majority. But I didn't think -- and this is what I wonder -- is -- you say unelected Federal bureaucrats. Administrative law is about Federal administration. That is Federal administrative law. And I've heard, here, people say we're talking about them adding something. I didn't think that's what was at issue. I thought that there is a word in the statute, "reasonable," and what the administrators did at the FCC was to interpret that word. Am I right or wrong?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: That -- that's certainly how we understand the situation, Justice Breyer, that the agency does what agencies do.

Justice Breyer: What was added? What was added?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: It interpreted the Alderson Reporting Company Official meaning of the language "reasonable time," to give it more precise content, to allow -- to deal with the failure to act situation --

Justice Ginsburg: Can you -- can you tell me, what is -- what is the ambiguity? Because I looked at (b). (B) is limitations. Limitations is on the State, and then it uses the phrase of what the State cannot do. The State has to conform to a reasonable time. What is ambiguous about this?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Well, our view, Justice Ginsburg, is that there isn't any ambiguity, that the -- that the rule ought to be upheld, no matter what standard of review applies, in fairness to my friends on the other side. But I do think this points up the problems going down the road they are suggesting is --

Justice Scalia: Well, I -- I thought "reasonable" was what people were talking about as being ambiguous, although I think -- I don't think "ambiguous" is the proper word. "Reasonable" is vague. You don't know exactly what it means, right?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I took that -- I think that's it's -- it's, certainly, susceptible to further elaboration in that sense. But I took Justice Ginsburg to be asking me about the ambiguity with respect to the authority of the (7)(A) -- Alderson Reporting Company Official

Justice Breyer: Reasonable -- reasonable is uncertain who. Who has -- it doesn't tell us who had the authority.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Right. And, in fairness to my friends and as the Chief Justice has just indicated, it's an inference from (7)(A), and I suppose an inference from (7)(B)(v), and that -- and that the courts are in the process. But I do think this points up the difficulty is that, if you -- if you look at the provision that the FCC's actually implementing here, it's not a jurisdictional provision; it's a normal substantive standard. The FCC is giving it more precise content. That's what an agency's job is. It's doing its job here.

Chief Justice Roberts: You're talking about (7)(B)?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Yes, (7)(B)(ii), right, exactly.

Chief Justice Roberts: Okay. What is there about (7)(A) that you think is ambiguous?

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: We think it's -- it's clear that the FCC has authority, given (7)(A), because of the "except as provided in this paragraph" argument. It's, I think, our friends on the other side who say Alderson Reporting Company Official that it's (7)(A) that creates uncertainty about whether the FCC has the authority to implement the reasonable time provision in (7)(B)(ii) -- and I think that points up the problem of adding this additional step to the analysis. Once the Court has satisfied itself that the agency has general rule-making authority, it's not going to be hard to cobble together inferences to make arguments on de novo review that the -- that the agency lacked the authority to implement a particular provision with the force of law. And I think you're adding needless complexity, and I do think -- the reason I suggested, earlier, that I think this is a Pandora's Box is because I do not think there's, at the end of the day, a principled line that can be drawn between what my friend describes as interpretive authority questions and the kind of who, what, when, where substantive questions -- substantive jurisdictional questions that Respondent IMLA is focused on. In each of those situations, the argument is that the agency has acted in excess of its statutory authority. And, if that's sufficient to justify de novo review in the first instance, it's sufficient to justify de novo review in the second instance. Alderson Reporting Company Official And, if that's the case, then I would submit that you have really unravelled Chevron. The -- the good work that that -- that that doctrine does to stabilize the development of administrative law is gone. There will be an argument in every case that -- that de novo review is required, and, in every case in which a court agrees that de novo review is required, once the court has interpreted the statute as a matter of de novo review, then you have ossification of the administrative process because that interpretation is locked in.

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, but, I mean, your argument there is basically saying, when the statute says something is reasonable, it means that the Commission doesn't have -- it's a jurisdictional question whether it's reasonable or unreasonable. But it seems to me that this provision is quite a bit different. It talks about the authority of a State. And, usually, when we are talking about the authority of which entity can -- can govern, we view that as jurisdictional. There may well be cases at the margin that are -- that are difficult. But -- but your argument is, basically, reasonable or unreasonable is the same as State or Federal. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: No, I don't think it is, Mr. Chief Justice. I think the -- the federalism values are important, but I do think, as the -- as the --

Chief Justice Roberts: No, no. I'm not talking about the federalism values. I'm talking about your argument that, oh, once you say you can draw a jurisdictional line here, people will argue you can draw it everywhere.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: Well, I do -- I do think that's true, and I think that the arguments that are being made by my friends on the other side demonstrate that. But I guess what I would say, in this situation, in particular, is that -- that we're really not -- the fact that it does involve the Federal and State authorities doesn't change the analysis because, applying Chevron in the normal way, one would not conclude that Congress has spoken clearly and -- and restricted the agency's authority. And there is no means -- there's no basis to apply a clear statement rule here because Congress, clearly, had the authority to impose the limitations that it imposed in Subsection (B). And those are direct limitations on the State authority, and Congress made that judgment. It isn't the agency wading on -- in on its Alderson Reporting Company Official own to decide that State or local authorities should be subject to limitations. These are judgments that Congress made, and the agency is implementing them in very much the same way that the Court found it was appropriate for the agency to implement the preemptive scope of the word "interest" in the National Bank Act in the Smiley case.

Justice Scalia: Mr. Verrilli, why isn't it an easy answer to the whole case to read (7)(A), except as provided in this paragraph, nothing in this chapter shall limit or affect the authority of State or local government? Okay? "Except as provided in this paragraph." And then later, in the paragraph, in the subsection entitled, "limitations," it says, "A State or local government shall act on any request for authorization within a reasonable period of time."

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: That's why -- that's why -- that's our --

Justice Scalia: That's -- that's a limitation.

Chief Justice Roberts: Yes, that's exactly right. That limits it. And -- and the question then is, of course, whether that's enforced in court -- enforced in court or before the agency; right? Alderson Reporting Company Official

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: No. I think the question is whether the agency has the authority to flesh out the substantive standard that the court will subsequently apply --

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, whether the -- whether the standard is defined in -- by -- through direct judicial review or by the agency, with deference to the agency.

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I agree with Justice Scalia because -- because I do think that, no matter what view of the matter the Court takes, the FCC's rule ought to be upheld. But I do think that the -- the position my friends on the other side are advocating threaten to unravel the -- the Chevron framework and destabilize administrative law. And I would urge the Court not to do it.

Justice Sotomayor: General, if the -- if the agency had said reasonable is 30 days, period, and not done what it did, which was create a rebuttable presumption, would that have been appropriate? Would we have had to uphold that? And, if not --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: I think --

Justice Sotomayor: How would we have struck it down? What step --

Donald B. Verrilli Jr.: You -- you would analyze Alderson Reporting Company Official that under Step Two of Chevron, Justice Sotomayor. You decide whether that's a permissible construction of the statute, whether it's reasonable or whether it's arbitrary and capricious, that would depend on what the record looked like. But, certainly, a court would exercise review over that matter. If the Court has nothing further? Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, General. Mr. Goldstein, you have 4 minutes remaining. REBUTTAL ARGUMENT OF THOMAS C. GOLDSTEIN ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Justice Kennedy: Chevron is at an end. It's unravelled.

Thomas C. Goldstein: I -- I've heard, and I regret that I have contributed to such a horror. This is silliness. (Laughter.)

Thomas C. Goldstein: The Court has -- we have cited to you 17 cases of yours in which you have always looked at the entry point question de novo, and on the -- the idea that we're making this more complicated makes no sense to me because what the government wants -- and you see this in the Fifth Circuit's decision -- is a surround of Chevron on whether they Alderson Reporting Company Official have authority. Go through that entire process, and then go through it again, assuming that you do believe they have that authority. There's not a step that we're adding to the inquiry.

Justice Kagan: Well, Mr. Goldstein, I think, with respect, it's not silliness. You have been running as fast as you can away from the arguments that IMLA has presented, that, in every case, it's a who, what, where -- you know, or how question and that we have to answer that. But the question that General Verrilli raises, I think, is a fair question, is how your argument, which says that we have to consider in each case as to each statutory provision whether an agency has interpretive authority is any different from IMLA's argument that we have to consider with -- in respect to every case whether we're dealing with a when, what, who, where question, or a how question. It's the same argument; isn't it?

Thomas C. Goldstein: No, it is not. This Court has said, time and again, including in Meade, that the precondition to the application of Meade is a determination that Congress delegated authority to the agency to interpret the statute with the force of law. Alderson Reporting Company Official And that has to be asked in every single case, and that is a distinct inquiry. Once you decide that they have that delegated authority over that provision, then, as -- as this Court has done in every case --

Justice Kagan: Of course, there's a threshold question, but the threshold question has always been is the agency interpreting its organic statute and is -- does that statute give the agency rule-making authority and is that what the agency is exercising?

Thomas C. Goldstein: We are at loggerheads, Justice Kagan. I believe that Louisiana Public Service Commission and Adams Fruit are just simply contrary to that. It also doesn't make any sense to believe that Congress gave the agency this 201(b) authority and then implicitly gave the agency the authority to decide how far 201(b) extends. This is just a question-begging exercise. They say we have this general authority. I ask, does that general authority apply to this particular provision in the Act? And they say, well, our general authority gives us the power to answer even that question, and that is not correct.

Justice Kagan: Well, I guess I'm still Alderson Reporting Company Official waiting for -- for the -- the way in which your inquiry is different from IMLA's inquiry.

Thomas C. Goldstein: It is because I am only asking the threshold question, did Congress give the agency the power to interpret this statutory provision with a question of law? And that is a different -- I'll give you an illustration, and that is there is an extended discussion of this question in the FCC's order. It had no difficulty identifying that as a separate inquiry. I did want to just turn to the merits -- let me just say that the Solicitor General's argument about whether the 201(b) authority extends to 332(c)(7) is a great illustration of our argument on the question presented because that's a lawyer's argument. There was not a word that my friend said about there was a technical question of communications law and how wireless siting facilities operate. That's the kind of question that Congress gives to agencies. It is not the threshold lawyer's issue, does this statute read this far? I would only encourage you, on the merits question, which is not included in the question presented, which you didn't grant certiorari on, that is, the application of de novo review to this statute, Alderson Reporting Company Official to pay more attention than, I think, this argument has given it because it wasn't the core issue briefed in the case, obviously, to what Congress did in this statute. There was a version of the statute that gave the FCC the very authority that it is claiming here. That was the House version of the bill that was rejected in Congress, in conference, Congress adopted this version, ordered the FCC to cancel the rule-making and reserve this power to the courts, the -- the authority to decide what is a reasonable period of time. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. The case is submitted. (Whereupon, at 11:03 a.m., the case in the above-entitled matter was submitted.)