Michael D. Turner v. Rebecca L. Rogers et al.

Oral argument transcript · No. 10-10 · October Term 2010 · argued March 23, 2011 · the petitioner won

Decision: votes, opinion and citations · Official transcript (PDF) · Argument audio at the Supreme Court

Advocates

• Seth P. Waxman, Washington, D.C., for the petitioner
• Leondra R. Kruger, Deputy Solicitor General, amicus curiae supporting the petitioner
• Stephanos Bibas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the respondent

Transcript

From the Court's official transcript; speaker labels as in the transcript, with advocates' full names from its list of appearances.

Chief Justice Roberts: We'll hear argument first this morning in case 10-10, Turner v. Rogers. Mr. Waxman. ORAL ARGUMENT OF SETH P. WAXMAN ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONER

Seth P. Waxman: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: Due process requires the assistance of counsel before an alleged civil contemner can be incarcerated. That categorical rule flows from the imposition by a court in a formal adversary proceeding of what this Court has termed, quote, "the awesome prospect of incarceration." Certainly -­

Justice Scalia: It's -- it's a formal adversary proceeding in a very limited sense and not in the sense that caused us to require counsel to be provided in criminal proceedings where the other side is armed with the legal knowledge that the poor defendant does not have. Many of these proceedings do not involve counsel on the other side, do they?

Seth P. Waxman: Well, Justice Scalia, the answer is yes and no. I don't think that you can call this nonadversarial because the -- because South Alderson Reporting Company 1 Carolina, as a matter of -­

Justice Scalia: I'm talking of counsel. Is it not true that many, perhaps most, of these proceedings do not have counsel on the other side? It is the wife who is trying to get payment of -- of the -­ of the defaulted alimony and does not have counsel -­

Seth P. Waxman: I think it is -- the contrary is true. According to the government statistics, 70 percent of noncustodial parents either have no income or have income less than $10,000, and, therefore, in a State -- in every State that accepts TANF funds, which is every State, they are represented by the State agency, and South Carolina in this case has made a rule that in-State cases -- and that also includes nonwelfare cases where the -- a custodial parent has chosen to be represented by the State -- the State entirely carries its prosecutorial burden by filing a rule to show cause and an affidavit showing the arrearages, and that places the burden, which South Carolina says is a heavy burden, on the defendant to prove inability to comply as a condition of maintaining his liberty. In this -­

Justice Alito: Well, if we agree with you, isn't this going to create an imbalance? Now, in this case, Ms. Rogers was not represented by counsel at this proceeding, was she? Alderson Reporting Company

Seth P. Waxman: Ms. Rogers -- in most of the proceedings, and it does vary from one to the other. In all -- let's put it this way: In all of the proceedings, the charges and the State's prima facie case of willful contempt was established by a State employee.

Justice Alito: Yes. The State employee sends out the -- the rule to show cause and proof that, evidence that the -- the noncustodial parent is in arrears on the child payments. So, let's see what would happen if counsel is then appointed in one of these cases, where both the custodial parent and the noncustodial parent are indigent and perhaps not very well educated. Counsel is appointed for the noncustodial parent, and counsel comes in and says this is the income of my client, and he's hurt, he was hurt on the job, all his -- his income is Social Security disability benefits, and he doesn't have enough money to pay child support. Now, the custodial -- the non -- the custodial parent who has no attorney says: He's not really hurt, I see him, I see him walking around, he's going hunting, he's shooting baskets, he's driving around in a new car. It may not be the -- the title may not be in his name, he's -- he's out on the street corner, he's buying Alderson Reporting Company 1 drugs, he's drinking alcohol, but I don't have a lawyer, and I can't prove any of this. So you've created a great imbalance there, haven't you?

Seth P. Waxman: Not at all, Justice Alito. First of all, in all -- in the -- in the majority of cases the department of social services is in fact the real party in interest and the moving party, and in any private case, for a nominal fee the custodial mother can have the department of social services act in that role as Federal law requires the State to do. Second of all -­

Justice Scalia: So, why don't you argue for a rule that -- that the State must provide counsel for the defendant in these cases where it has provided counsel or there is paid counsel on the other side? Wouldn't that be fair?

Seth P. Waxman: That would certainly be more than fair, and the number of instances -- let -- let's be clear about this. The number of instances in which the State will be required to appoint counsel for the alleged civil contemner will be in cases where -- I mean, there's no reason why the State of South Carolina, when it issues the summons and the affidavit, says fill out this form and let us know whether you have assets or Alderson Reporting Company 1 have income -­

Chief Justice Roberts: When you -­

Seth P. Waxman: In all of those cases where they believe that this is a turnip, not a deadbeat dad, they will proceed with remedies other -- other than incarceration. It's only when they want to proceed in the face of a form that shows indigence and inability to have counsel, that the State has to provide a lawyer before it -- before it puts this man in jail.

Chief Justice Roberts: When you asked -­

Justice Ginsburg: Mr. Waxman, in your opening statement, you said whenever, in civil contempt, a person is subject to incarceration he or she is entitled to counsel. In your opening statement, you didn't limit it to cases like the case we have before us; that is, where the defense is I'm unable to pay. Therefore, I can't get out of jail. Are you limiting -- are you limiting your argument to the case of a noncustodial parent or a former husband who says I just haven't got the wherewithal to pay? Or are you making a broader claim that anytime someone is subject to incarceration they must have counsel?

Seth P. Waxman: It is definitely the broader claim; that is, this -- this decision about counsel has Alderson Reporting Company 1 to be determined ex ante, because the State -- and this is our -- I suppose our more limited request for a categorical rule. Where you have a State that has placed the burden on the noncustodial parent -­

Justice Kennedy: Well, my -- my question just follows from what I think Justice Ginsburg must have in mind. My understanding is that it's a commonplace if the witness declines to testify even though the witness has immunity, or the attorney or the witness declines to produce a document, the judge says you will remain in jail until you comply. In most of the States, I think he's allowed counsel, but does the broad statement that you -- or the broad argument that you responded, that you're making when you answered Justice Ginsburg's case, apply there, so we are in effect saying in all these cases you must have appointed counsel?

Seth P. Waxman: No, no, no. Our submission is any case in which the State proposes to deprive somebody with an unqualified right to liberty of that liberty by actual incarceration, there is a right to counsel. Now, there is a right to appointed -­

Justice Kennedy: You're committed to custody until you testify.

Seth P. Waxman: Well -- Alderson Reporting Company

Justice Kennedy: "Mr. Bailiff, take him out."

Seth P. Waxman: There -- the cases have recognized a distinction, Justice Kennedy, between direct contempt and indirect contempt. And direct contempt, which is a witness in the courtroom refuses to testify, the cases have -- both civil and criminal -­ have not required the appointment of counsel or a jury trial or anything like that. In -- in a case where the grand jury witness refuses to testify, the cases all, to my knowledge, do require the appointment of counsel because there may be a defense, and someone is being deprived of their liberty. Now, I think it's important -- Justice Ginsburg, you asked me if I have a more limited rule, and in this instance, the limited rule is that certainly counsel requires -- certainly the due process clause requires the appointment of counsel where the State places the affirmative burden on the contemner to demonstrate as a matter of law and fact that he was unable to comply, and, thus, that incarceration would not be unlawful punishment, but lawful coercion. And that is, I think, an important distinction. The -­

Justice Sotomayor: Mr. Waxman, the Solicitor General suggests that the failure in this case Alderson Reporting Company 1 or the failure to appoint counsel arises from a due process complaint that the -- that the -- that the Petitioner here didn't know that he had indigency as a defense or what he needed to prove or to bring to court to prove that. Why wouldn't the Solicitor General's solution of saying, as long as a State tells a defendant that they have a burden of proof and some contours of what proof they need to supply or -- on that issue, that that would satisfy due process? What can a lawyer do when someone comes in and says, I'm not earning any money, I can't earn it, blah, blah, blah, end of story?

Seth P. Waxman: The reason -­

Justice Sotomayor: What do you need? Why do you need -­

Seth P. Waxman: The reason it doesn't satisfy -- even if the -- even if the defendant is advised that there is an inability-to-comply defense and that a sentence imposed where there is an inability to comply is unlawful under Gompers and Bagwell, and for that matter under South Carolina law, is that the showing that the -- the burden that the defendant has to shoulder, the shoulder -- the showing that the defendant has to make is both legal and factual, and neither one of them is straightforward. It's legal, for example, because there are lots of legal questions built into the Alderson Reporting Company 1 unable-to-comply defense, including what it means to be unable to comply. Intentional underemployment, the allegation made in this court that he's using up all his income on drug use, the ability to -­

Justice Sotomayor: He admitted that.

Seth P. Waxman: Well, no, he admitted that he was a -­

Justice Sotomayor: At least up until the accident.

Seth P. Waxman: Yes. Exactly.

Justice Sotomayor: It was up until then.

Seth P. Waxman: But the point is that -­ intentional underemployment, the drug use, the ability to incarcerate somebody so that they can reduce their arrearage on a work release program, perhaps the requirement that he sell his $1,500 car -- those are all legal questions as to whether the defendant -- they constitute an inability to comply.

Justice Sotomayor: And you don't think that an individual is capable of saying, I can't -- I'm -­ yes, I am, or no, I'm not using up my money on drugs; that's my preference?

Seth P. Waxman: I mean, the -- the first of all -­

Justice Sotomayor: Or I have a $1,500 car, Alderson Reporting Company 1 but I need it to be able to do something else?

Seth P. Waxman: Justice Sotomayor, even leaving aside all of those undecided questions under South Carolina -- legal questions under South Carolina law, even as to the facts that you've addressed, the burden is not insignificant. Recall that a mere assertion -- I mean, in this case this man filled out a form saying that -- certifying that he had no income and one asset, a car worth $1,500. In order -- the -- the courts have said that assertions don't satisfy it. He has to -­

Justice Sotomayor: Where is that form in the record?

Seth P. Waxman: Hmm?

Justice Sotomayor: Where is the form in the record?

Seth P. Waxman: The form is in the trial record; we did not include it in the -- in the Joint Appendix. We can make it available to the Court. It -­ it is in the trial record, and we didn't understand at the time we were filing that the United States would be making an argument that the submission of a, quote, "simple form" would satisfy due process.

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel, you -­

Seth P. Waxman: I thought of lodging it -­

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel. Alderson Reporting Company

Seth P. Waxman: But I think the Court's lodging rules -­

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel!

Seth P. Waxman: Mr. Chief Justice, I'm sorry.

Chief Justice Roberts: You have stressed that the burden in this case is on the defendant. Would your position be different if the burden were on the complainant?

Seth P. Waxman: I think the case would -- our case would not be as strong. To be sure, in the criminal -- in the criminal contempt context, the burden, of course, is on the State and to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, but there is an acknowledged right to counsel, and there was for decades before this Court considered criminal contempt to be a crime within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. So, I think we would still -- even if the burden had shifted, the broader rule we're asking for is, look, the -- here the State is sending a man to jail repeatedly on the premise of exacting compliance with court orders and on the theory that he holds the keys to his own pocket because he can always choose to comply. And our submission is that when the State uses that sanction on the basis of that theory, due process demands that it guarantee the assistance of counsel to Alderson Reporting Company 1 assure that the district court is right and that the sentence imposed is lawfully coercive and not unconstitutionally punitive.

Justice Kagan: Mr. Waxman -­

Seth P. Waxman: That's our -­

Justice Kagan: -- suppose the Court thinks that -- suppose the Court looks at this record and thinks this is a broken system and a violation of due process, but requiring a counsel in every case may go too far, and there may, in fact, be alternate procedures that a State could adopt that would comply with due process. And I know that this is not your submission; it's, instead, the solicitor general's submission. But if pressed on that point, what procedures do you think would be capable of giving a person in this situation a fair shake at this?

Seth P. Waxman: Certainly -- I mean, we think that, given the way the adversary system works and given the legal nature of the determination that a judge makes depriving somebody of liberty, and given the significant burdens that are faced in carrying the burden to establish that, there are none. Due process requires the application of what this Court in Lassiter called the general rule or the presumption that civil or criminal, when the State chooses to absolutely deprive Alderson Reporting Company 1 somebody fully at liberty of his liberty, it must provide counsel. I mean, I suppose the closest second would be what Justice Powell, providing the fifth vote in Vitek, provided, which is even in that case where the decision was being made by a mental health professional and the issue involved the transfer from somebody in State prison to a State mental unit, a much diminished liberty interest -- even Justice Powell, providing the fifth vote, said, well, in light of the nature of the decision being made and the decision-making body, I wouldn't always require counsel -­

Justice Kennedy: Well, I -­

Seth P. Waxman: -- I would think that a trained mental health professional would work.

Justice Scalia: Mr. Waxman, for those of us who think the Due Process Clause doesn't contain whatever we think it ought to contain, but -- but contains what the people who ratified it thought it contained, what's the earliest case that you have which adopts the proposition that you're now espousing, that whenever a civil contempt citation is imposed upon an indigent person, that person is entitled to counsel as a matter of due process?

Seth P. Waxman: Justice Scalia, if I had such a Alderson Reporting Company 1 case, it would have appeared quite prominently in my brief. There is no such case, but let me make two points about history and what the Due Process Clause means, notwithstanding what some of us might like it to mean. First of all, history -- the history is very, very complicated, and it doesn't dictate the answer. The traditional distinction along the lines was not between civil or criminal contempt, but direct or indirect contempt, and as I know Your Honor knows because you've written it, traditionally at common law, I mean, counsel was provided for civil cases and in misdemeanor cases, but not felony cases. The criminal/civil distinction in contempt arose in this Court around the turn of the 20th century, and it arose so that the courts could exercise more supervisory review over the imposition of criminal contempt by courts. Now, in Cooke and Oliver, this Court, as I said, long, long before it recognized that criminal contempt was a Sixth -- a crime entitled to all Sixth Amendment protections, held that because of the nature of the deprivation of liberty, the appointment of counsel was required. And our submission here is, as this Court has recognized, the distinction between civil Alderson Reporting Company 1 and criminal contempt is the question of whether you have coercive imprisonment or imprisonment as punishment. And in almost every case, the sentence involves some aspect of both, and where the only thing, the only thing, that keeps the coercive imprisonment from being unconstitutionally punitive absent a jury trial right and proof beyond a reasonable doubt and counsel, is the ability to comply with the court's order. And that burden is put on the defendant, even though it is the State's burden to prove willfulness, due -­

Justice Scalia: Do you think -­

Seth P. Waxman: -- fundamental fairness as due process -­

Justice Scalia: Whenever there is an erroneous judgment in a civil contempt case, it becomes a criminal contempt case; is that -- is that what you're saying?

Seth P. Waxman: This -- this Court has said in Bagwell and in Gompers that, in the event that the sentence applied -- in Bagwell it was a fine; in Gompers it was imprisonment -- served only punitive purposes and could not be coercive because the defendant could not comply, that sentence was unlawful because it had not Alderson Reporting Company 1 been imposed following a proceeding in which the government -­

Justice Breyer: It doesn't -- I'm still curious -- are you finished?

Seth P. Waxman: But, yes -- just in -- I'm sorry, Justice Breyer, just to finish this sentence -­ that is the sine qua non of the distinction, and the -­ and unlike, for example, the immigration context and the other contexts that the Government is relying on, this is a situation in which the consequence of an error, that is an erroneous outcome renders the detention an unlawful criminal penalty. That is not true in any other context.

Justice Ginsburg: Are you saying all the -­ all the trappings of criminal procedure come with it? This case is focused on a right to counsel, but what about burden of proof, what about a jury trial?

Seth P. Waxman: No, Justice Ginsburg, this Court has made -- we're talking about a determination ex ante, before the man is sent to jail, in this case for repeated long periods, should he be appointed counsel. This Court has already said that, in civil contempt proceedings, there is no requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and there is no requirement of proof of a jury trial, just as following Gault, this Alderson Reporting Company 1 Court said there is no requirement of a jury trial in a juvenile commitment case.

Justice Scalia: My goodness, if -- if you're relying for that proposition only on the fact that we've already said it, why don't you also say we've never said what you want us to say now? I mean, if that's the only argument, we've already said it. If it was wrong, we should unsay it.

Seth P. Waxman: It wasn't wrong, Justice Scalia, and as we've pointed out, the majority of States and all seven circuits that have spoken to this question have all held that there is, in fact, a right to appointed counsel before the State in an -- in an assertedly civil contempt proceeding can deprive a human being of his liberty.

Justice Scalia: But if all of the arguments you're making to us are correct, why shouldn't the other accompaniments of a full-dress criminal trial apply -­

Seth P. Waxman: Because -­

Justice Scalia: -- so he has counsel, but the burden's been put on him, rather than on the State, to prove, in fact, that he -- whether or not he is indigent?

Seth P. Waxman: Because the proceeding is civil. It is not our contention that this is a criminal Alderson Reporting Company 1 proceeding, and this Court in Maggio and in Hicks v. Feiock made clear that shifting the burden, so long as the -- so long as the imprisonment is meant to be coercive, shifting the burden is not unconstitutional and because -­

Justice Alito: Why is it that -­

Seth P. Waxman: I'm sorry -- and because it is a civil proceeding -­

Justice Scalia: It's an illogical distinction, is what I'm saying.

Seth P. Waxman: Well -­

Chief Justice Roberts: Maybe Justice Alito can -­ MR. WAXMAN -- I'm not sure, but -­

Chief Justice Roberts: -- can ask his question.

Seth P. Waxman: Yes, Justice Alito?

Justice Alito: Why isn't something like what the Solicitor General suggested adequate here? The State provides a very clear form for the noncustodial parent to fill out, and then in court the judge goes through it step by step: Are you working? How much are you making? Any -- do you have any other money? What expenses do you need for living? And then if you run into some of these Alderson Reporting Company 1 complicated legal problems or arguably complicated legal problems that you referred to, maybe in particular cases there would be need for the appointment of counsel. But why isn't that adequate to deal with this situation rather than a categorical rule that you have to have counsel appointed in every case where there's an issue about ability to pay?

Seth P. Waxman: It's -- that submission is inconsistent with how the adversary process works, and more importantly, Justice Alito, it misunderstands the nature of the burden. Unlike in Gagnon v. Scarpelli, where the mine-run of cases only involved the parole revocation board to determine whether somebody had subsequently been convicted, here the mine-run of cases involves things that -- that an uncounseled, lay, often undereducated, often incarcerated defendant can't do. For example, just the -­

Justice Alito: Do you think the issue here is more complicated than the issue about whether somebody's probation should be revoked?

Seth P. Waxman: Well, what Gagnon v. Scarpelli said was in any -- in the mine-run of cases, all that is required with respect to somebody who has a highly reduced liberty interest in an informal proceeding is whether or not they have subsequently been convicted, Alderson Reporting Company 1 yes or no. And if it's any more than that binary factor, counsel probably is going to be required. And our submission is the mine-run of these cases involve the marshaling of evidence and testimony that uncounseled, uneducated defendants -­

Justice Ginsburg: Mr. Waxman -­

Seth P. Waxman: -- are not likely to be able to do and legal questions.

Justice Ginsburg: Mr. Waxman, you mentioned Lassiter, and you mentioned something that Lassiter said in passing, but what was at stake there was deprivation of parental status. And the Court said sometimes, in some cases, yes; but we're not going to make an across-the-board rule. Now, that deprivation, some people think, is the worst possible, for a custodial parent to be told you're no longer a parent, you no longer have a child. And yet, the Court said we're not going to provide counsel in every case, because in some cases the person can get a fair hearing without counsel.

Seth P. Waxman: Right. And what the Court -­ and recognizing that Lassiter is dicta, because it did consider that context, what it said is we have to -- we have to do the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing against a generalization, what -- a "preeminent generalization" Alderson Reporting Company 1 that exists in our case law, which is that there is a presumption that an indigent defendant has a right to appointed counsel only when he loses or may be deprived of his liberties. Since that doesn't apply here, we have to do the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing against the presumption that cuts the other way.

Justice Kennedy: My concern is -- and it's been brought up in some of the other questions that Justice Ginsburg asked earlier. I just have the sense that there are thousands of these hearings around the country, and they're -- and they're very important in order to ensure child support, and that if we adopt your rule, in many cases where counsel are now waived or not present because of the -- the noncompliant parent is going to ask for counsel and that we're going to change the entire landscape of domestic relation proceedings, the Heisenberg principle.

Seth P. Waxman: Justice Kennedy, the vast majority of jurisdictions require counsel and provide counsel, and there is no -- we would think that if this were -­

Justice Kennedy: In every case? I mean, doesn't the defendant have to -- or the -- or the noncompliant parent have to ask for counsel?

Seth P. Waxman: I believe the rule is that if Alderson Reporting Company 1 you have a right to counsel, the court is required to advise you that if you -- that you have one, and if you are unable to afford -­

Justice Kennedy: My question is: Do you -­ are there any data -- are there any data to show that in most of these cases, counsel does, in fact, appear? My -­

Seth P. Waxman: I'm not aware -­

Justice Kennedy: My assumption is not, but I just -­

Seth P. Waxman: I'm not aware of data one way or the other. We're only asking this Court to conform this Court's due process jurisprudence with the vast majority of State and lower Federal courts that have found it -­

Justice Ginsburg: Does that go for alimony and palimony as well as child support?

Seth P. Waxman: It would go to any instance in which an alleged civil contemner is facing incarceration -­

Justice Ginsburg: So, the answer is yes, it would cover.

Seth P. Waxman: Yes, and can demonstrate an inability to afford counsel in the same way that happens in misdemeanor cases. Alderson Reporting Company 1 May I reserve the balance of my time?

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, Mr. Waxman. Ms. Kruger. ORAL ARGUMENT OF LEONDRA R. KRUGER ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED STATES, AS AMICUS CURIAE, SUPPORTING REVERSAL

Leondra R. Kruger: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: In civil contempt proceedings to enforce orders for child support, due process requires a meaningful opportunity to be heard on the simple and straightforward, but critical, question that characterizes remedial sanctions in this area: whether the nonpaying parent has the ability to pay. Such -­

Justice Kagan: Ms. Kruger, you say that the procedures here were inadequate but that counsel in every case is not necessarily required. You say alternate procedures can provide people in this situation with a fair shake. But then, when you look at the procedures that you actually say would comply with due process, they are remarkably anemic. Basically, you say that a form has to be provided. You don't require that there be anybody attached to the court, the kind of person Alderson Reporting Company 1 that Justice Powell might have been talking about in Vitek, some kind of caseworker to assist the person with whatever questions he might have about the form or about how to fill it out. You don't require that the court make any findings. You don't require that the court even ask any questions. Apparently, your idea of the procedure is just to give a person a form. Am I reading you right?

Leondra R. Kruger: No, I don't think you are, Justice Kagan. I think that we would say that there are three fundamental requirements for due process in this area. The first is both information regarding the nature of the inquiry that's going to be made at the hearing -­

Justice Sotomayor: I'm sorry. I'm not hearing you. Could you speak more loudly?

Leondra R. Kruger: I'm sorry. Certainly. The first is -- as, Justice Sotomayor, you referenced earlier, the first is information in advance of the hearing that a critical question to be answered at the hearing is going to concern ability to pay and a form or other type of procedure that would elicit information that's relevant to the alleged contemner's financial condition. The second would be a hearing at which the Alderson Reporting Company 1 alleged contemner has the opportunity to respond to any further inquiries that may be triggered by information that's already been provided. This is, I think, a common feature of many systems outside of South Carolina which, by case law, have recognized that when a court has concerns that information on a financial affidavit might be misleading or inaccurate, they have a duty to inquire further and to require supporting documentation as necessary to confirm or dispel concerns about the accuracy of the information. And then, finally, I think we would require an express finding that the -- the alleged contemner has the ability to satisfy the purge conditions such that the person can be said, not only theoretically, but also realistically, to have the keys to the jail cell in their pocket.

Justice Sotomayor: Counsel, as I -- and then I think one of the deficiencies in addressing your argument is that I don't really know what the State's procedures are. Your -- your co-counsel, or Mr. Waxman, has said that there was actually a form. I don't know what that form looks like. The only thing that does seem missing that the State clearly provides is a requirement that the judge explain what the basis of his contempt finding is. Alderson Reporting Company 1 I'm looking at 60a and 61a, and this judge left it completely blank. So, is this a due process violation facially, or is this a due process violation as applied, meaning it's just not clear to me whether South -- the State's process, in fact, has all of the elements that you're speaking about or how I make that judgment and whether the -- we didn't grant cert on the question of whether, as applied, there was a failure or not. I mean, one of the difficulties in this case is that there was really very -- no findings by the judge whatsoever.

Leondra R. Kruger: I think that's right, and I think it's also right that South Carolina, at least insofar as the record reveals, doesn't require a finding that the alleged contemner has the ability to comply with a purge condition, as opposed to requiring a finding of willful violation of the court's order.

Justice Sotomayor: Well, the -- the form, the order for contempt of court itself, 61a, does require the judge to fill out an answer as to whether he thinks the defendant is gainfully employed or has the ability to make the payments. So, it was just absent here.

Leondra R. Kruger: The -- the question on the form relates to a past condition, as opposed to present Alderson Reporting Company 1 ability to comply with a purge condition. So, the two inquiries are distinct.

Justice Scalia: Why -- why isn't the requirement that the judge satisfy himself that there's a willful failure to comply with the order? Why doesn't that amount to saying the judge has to satisfy himself that this individual cannot pay, or can pay?

Leondra R. Kruger: Justice -­

Justice Scalia: It's not willful if he can pay.

Leondra R. Kruger: Well, if -­

Justice Scalia: If -- if he can't pay.

Leondra R. Kruger: If he can't pay -­

Justice Scalia: You know what I mean.

Leondra R. Kruger: I do know what you mean. (Laughter.)

Leondra R. Kruger: I understand you, Justice Scalia. I think there are two separate questions, both of which concern ability to pay, but one of which is retrospective and the other is prospective. The question whether the alleged contemner has willfully violated a child support order is a retrospective question. During -- that the -- the alleged contemner missed child support payments because he wasn't gainfully employed and didn't have the ability Alderson Reporting Company 1 to comply. And then the question for purposes of determining an appropriate sanction is, does this person have the present ability to comply such that sending that person to jail might reasonably be expected to induce them to -- to -­

Justice Scalia: I see.

Leondra R. Kruger: -- carry out their financial obligation?

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel, did -- just to be clear, your answer to the question presented is no, right? It was not error for the South Carolina court to say there's no constitutional right in this type of a proceeding to appointed counsel?

Leondra R. Kruger: That's correct, Mr. Chief Justice. We think that there is no categorical right to appointed counsel in all civil contempt proceedings or -­

Justice Ginsburg: Is there a State -- we've been told that, in many States, appointment of counsel for an indigent, noncustodial parent who has -- who has child custody arrears, that counsel is automatic. You have described something less than counsel. Is there any model, any State where there is such a procedure so one might find out how it's working?

Leondra R. Kruger: I don't think that there is any Alderson Reporting Company 1 one place you can look in order to see what features States are employing. We know anecdotally from talking to individuals who are responsible for running programs in individual States that they do ordinarily, even in States that don't categorically require the appointment of counsel, satisfy each of the three procedural protections that I outlined earlier in response to Justice Kagan. So, for example, in New Mexico, which hasn't recognized a categorical right to appointed counsel, there is a solicitation of financial information in advance of the hearing. That information is reviewed by a caseworker, who will make the decision whether or not to refer the case to civil contempt proceedings. There is a hearing at which further information is explored or elicited, and ultimately there's a determination made whether the alleged contemner has the ability to comply.

Justice Ginsburg: What about an aid who is not counsel? I mean, the family court has a lot of auxiliary people like child advocates who are there to assist people who need some kind of representation, but not necessarily a lawyer. Is that any part of yours -­ of what you would propose?

Leondra R. Kruger: I think it would certainly be open to the Court to consider whether or not having the Alderson Reporting Company 1 assistance of a layperson who may not necessarily be a lawyer would be a requirement of due process, but I think given the nature of the inquiry which goes to financial condition, it's the kind of information that individuals provide on a regular basis without the assistance of either competent lay people or lawyers with legal expertise. It seems unnecessary to satisfy the commands of fundamental fairness in order to create that requirement across the board; in much the same way, I think it's unnecessary to appoint counsel in every case, as opposed to taking the modest and relatively inexpensive steps that we've outlined in order to ensure a meaningful opportunity to be heard.

Justice Ginsburg: Is the form you have in mind something different than the form, the IFP form, that would be filled out say, by a 2255 petitioner?

Leondra R. Kruger: I don't think it would, Justice Ginsburg, but precisely what the form would contain would have to be tailored to the law in the relevant jurisdiction. So, where the determination is made on the basis of assets and income, it would be appropriate for the form to elicit that information. Where in other jurisdictions the law is clear that the other information may be relevant to that inquiry, it would be appropriate for the form to elicit that information as Alderson Reporting Company 1 well. But I think in substance the form would look very much like the form that this Court sees on a regular basis attached to its petitions for writs of certiorari and would also look very much like forms that are commonly applied in jurisdictions across the country in child support programs in order to establish the amount of child support obligation in the first place. South Carolina employs such a form for that purpose, and I think it would be a relatively trivial matter for South Carolina to use a similar form for the purpose of enforcement.

Justice Kagan: Ms. Kruger, could you say a bit more about the question that Mr. Waxman and Justice Scalia were talking about: how often these proceedings have the State on one side, how often they have the custodial parent on one side, you know, whether there is counsel for the opposite side in many of these cases?

Leondra R. Kruger: There is in some, but not all, Justice Kagan. It's true that the State is often, though not always, represented in these proceedings, not always by lawyers as opposed to caseworkers or other nonlawyer personnel who work for the departments of social services.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, Ms. Kruger. Alderson Reporting Company 1 Mr. Bibas. ORAL ARGUMENT OF STEPHANOS BIBAS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS

Stephanos Bibas: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: Mrs. Rogers and custodial mothers and parents like her need simple, fast, civil procedures to probe fathers' chronic failures to support their children. Today I'll make two points. First, this case is moot. Second, a per se right to appointed counsel is not essential to prevent fundamental unfairness. First, this case is moot. On remand, there is no possible redress for Petitioner. He seeks an advisory opinion but fails to bear his burden of proving that his case will evade review because he could get a stay. Litigants must preserve questions by seeking stays or supersedeas where available. Only where there is no procedure of which Petitioner could have availed himself to stay confinement, because a State statute had a blanket denial of bail pending appeal, did this Court in Sibron find that a dispute could not be stayed and so would evade review.

Justice Ginsburg: The South Carolina Supreme Court, as I understand, heard this case after he was released, so they didn't consider it moot. Alderson Reporting Company

Stephanos Bibas: Your Honor, the issue was not briefed or argued or raised. My client had no lawyer, filed no brief, made no argument. So, we don't know what they considered or held. They made no reference to it.

Chief Justice Roberts: Suppose -­

Justice Ginsburg: But it was a fact, was it not, that he was already released?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, that's correct, Your Honor.

Chief Justice Roberts: I suppose -- we have held, haven't we, that States can have different concepts of mootness than the Federal one?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor, that's right. And South Carolina deals with this issue -- obviously, in this Court the question is an Article III question. And because the evading review doctrine is an exception to Article III's normal requirements that Federal courts have jurisdiction only over live cases or controversies, it should be construed narrowly, only where essential to preserve review. Here Petitioner didn't ask for a stay; if he had asked -­

Justice Sotomayor: Counsel, do we have jurisdiction over any matter that isn't rendered in a final judgment in State court?

Stephanos Bibas: No, Your Honor. Alderson Reporting Company

Justice Sotomayor: So, if we don't have jurisdiction over anything but a final judgment, how could we ever grant a stay if the State refused to?

Stephanos Bibas: I -- your -- if -­

Justice Sotomayor: The State refused to grant a stay.

Stephanos Bibas: I -­

Justice Sotomayor: And why would South -­ why would the State here have granted a stay, if it believes there's no Sixth Amendment right whatsoever to counsel? How could that litigant ever evade mootness?

Stephanos Bibas: Your Honor is correct that the relief would be coming from the South Carolina State courts, and South Carolina ruled 241(c) appears to be tailor-made for this situation. And it instructs courts to consider whether a stay is necessary to preserve jurisdiction of the appeal or to prevent a contested issue from becoming moot. Our position is -­

Justice Sotomayor: Can you point to any case involving support payments in which the South Carolina court has ever granted a stay?

Stephanos Bibas: The closest I can point to is Berry v. Ianuario, a South Carolina State court case involving parental termination -- termination of parental rights from a family court, where the South Alderson Reporting Company 1 Carolina Supreme Court stayed the matter. And so, if Petitioner had asked, there's a substantial likelihood the court would have granted a stay through the South Carolina Supreme Court. At this point, under Rule 23, this Court could affirm a stay.

Justice Scalia: Did the Petitioner know about Rule 23? Where had he learned about that? He didn't have counsel, right?

Stephanos Bibas: He had counsel as of no later than 3 weeks after the trial court hearing. He had counsel for 11 months of his sentence.

Justice Scalia: Okay, before -- before it got up to the -­

Stephanos Bibas: That's right, 11 months before the case became moot. On the merits, a civil contempt case does not, as my adversary suggests, quote, "sound in criminal contempt" and require counsel, quote, "precisely to ensure that the proceeding remain civil."

Justice Kennedy: Is it correct for me to think of both the Petitioner's argument and your response as a Mathews v. Eldridge problem?

Stephanos Bibas: No -- Your Honor, I believe the main argument here, and the only one the Petitioner argued in the courts below, is an absolute categorical Alderson Reporting Company 1 right that any loss of liberty equals an absolute right to counsel.

Justice Kennedy: Well, it -- it does seem that absolute right and Mathews v. Eldridge is not quite a -- a good fit, but it seems to me that most of Mr. Waxman's argument can be subsumed within the Mathews v. Eldridge framework.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, that is his fallback argument, though it wasn't developed in the courts below, but I think it's important to note that because his argument approaches and, in fact, leads with an absolute claim -- to note the breadth of the rule. So, picking up on your question to Mr. Waxman, Justice Kennedy, it's important to note not only that Petitioner's rule would reach other civil contempts beyond child support, but because any loss of liberty is the overwhelming factor in his calculus, it would apply to tens of thousands of immigration and extradition cases each year. Petitioner's reply brief does not deny this, saying only that they might or might not be distinguishable. And immigration, we would submit, is an a fortiori from this case. The legal issues there are more complex, the deprivation is more severe, the confinement not purgeable. Any ruling -- Alderson Reporting Company

Justice Kennedy: But just -- just assume that we could somehow block out that category. If you could focus just on the domestic relations support proceedings, would there be a basic change in the way those proceedings are being conducted in other States, if we ruled in favor of Petitioner and said there's an absolute right?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Justice Kennedy, there'd be a massive change. Trial judges need to know ahead of time which sets of procedures to apply, civil or criminal.

Justice Ginsburg: Isn't it -- isn't it true that most States in child support cases, when the defendant says I have no money, will appoint counsel?

Stephanos Bibas: That is not true of most States, Justice Ginsburg. My understanding is 15 States recognize it as a constitutional matter, 11 additional States by statute, rule, or practice appear to recognize a statewide right to counsel. So, there's a bear majority. At least 17 States do not have a statewide right, and the remaining 7 are unclear. So, we're talking about reformulating rules in a huge number of States that probably affect hundreds of thousands of cases. I'd ask the Court to consider the Office of Child Support Enforcement study that's in Alderson Reporting Company 1 the appendix to the Senators' brief. It's the best empirical evidence we have of how these proceedings work. And the evidence is relevant both to the need for these procedures in the balancing test Justice Kennedy refers to, but also the apparent relatively low reason to believe there's a large error rate here. According to that study, many parents -- non-supporting parents are cited for contempt and purged of their contempt; many fewer are, in fact, confined. It is -­ appears to be the threat that coerces enforcement and deters violation. Many parents do not pay up until after the contempt hearing and confinement is imminent. So, States would have to appoint counsel in a large number of cases, most of which wind up purging. So, the first point to note is that -­

Justice Ginsburg: I thought the point was it's -- it's only if the defendant -- the claim is only if the defendant does not have the keys in his pocket because he has no money. So, in cases where typical a recalcitrant spouse won't pay until he's threatened with jail, that wouldn't come in this category. I thought Mr. Waxman was speaking about people who do not have the keys in their pockets because they simply cannot -- they do not have the wherewithal to pay. Alderson Reporting Company

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor, but very, very many non-supporting parents protest the same. And so, it is true that the slice of those brought to civil contempt hearings is only a small fraction of the overall caseload.

Justice Kennedy: Yes, and I -- and I suppose you could say that in -- in advance that the judge and the appointing authority simply wouldn't know.

Stephanos Bibas: Exactly, Justice Kennedy. Trial judges need to be able to protect themselves. They need to be able to know when they go into a hearing whether to apply civil or criminal procedures, and that's this Court's lesson in Hicks v. Feiock. Hicks said a judge needs to know ex ante based on a couple of simple rules, quote, "If the relief imposed here is in fact a determinate sentence with a purge clause, then it is civil," then civil procedures apply. And if the remedy runs to the injured party, then it is civil. But to -- even cases that have overturned erroneous civil contempts, do not, as my brother Mr. Waxman suggests, become punitive and criminal. Maggio and Shillitani recognize that they remain civil. Shillitani declined to find a right to indictment or jury trial because it was a civil case. Alderson Reporting Company 1 To go back to the -­

Justice Sotomayor: Counsel, I -- I took the Solicitor General's position to be -- they may accuse me of not being accurate in what I took their position to be, which is the rule would be simple. You, a State, are free to run these procedures as you choose, but not to provide counsel, you have to meet some minimum Mathews v. Eldridge requirements. And so, the rule is simple. The State can do what it wants, but it has to provide minimum due process, and they've previously set forth the three. All right? So really the answer is, no, you're not automatically entitled to a lawyer if you're providing minimum due process. If you're not, then you have to provide a lawyer.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor.

Justice Sotomayor: All right? What's wrong with that rule? That, I think, is what the Solicitor General is suggesting. So, first, what's wrong with the rule? And then, second, in a case in which I did not see and haven't yet a form that really talks about or tells the contemptor about his defense and what he needs to prove, yes, he did get a hearing but not a hearing that explored his statement that he'd been looking for work and couldn't find it, and a form, a judgment that Alderson Reporting Company 1 doesn't address his current ability to pay. How does the South Carolina system comply with those minimums of due process?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. First, I'll talk about the Solicitor General's suggestions that you raise and then talk about the specific procedures here. We think the Solicitor General's suggestions are interesting, they're worth exploring. They were raised for the very first time at the merits stage here; so, there's been no development. We don't know what other States are doing, the range of options out there, the nonconstitutional measures which in the criminal context for guilty pleas were developed through rulemaking, Rule 11, lots of testimony and inquiry. That's appropriate for development when presented and allowing those other bodies the first crack at them.

Justice Scalia: Mr. Bibas, I have a question about -- about the position of the Government in this case. The Government agrees with you that you don't need counsel, but says that we ought to reverse the judgment anyway because there were -- because the other aspects of due process which the Government asserts would make it unnecessary to provide counsel did not exist in this case. Did you think, under our ordinary rules, Alderson Reporting Company 1 we -- we can do that?

Stephanos Bibas: No, Your Honor, that's beyond the question presented.

Justice Scalia: Question presented was just whether counsel was necessary, right?

Stephanos Bibas: That's correct. And I suppose -­

Justice Scalia: It's fully within the power of the Government to say why, you know, in general counsel is not necessary because these other procedures are good enough. But then to come forward and say, moreover, those procedures were not applied in this case and, therefore, you should reverse, that's -- that's a new point, it seems to me, isn't it?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor, and as Justice Sotomayor pointed out, that's not what this Court granted certiorari on. And this is a case -­

Justice Ginsburg: What about you -- you stressed that this falls on the civil side. So, why shouldn't we take Rule 54(d) as our model and say that instructs the court that you give parties the relief to which they are entitled, even if they haven't asked for that relief, even if they've asked for something that they can't get?

Stephanos Bibas: Justice Ginsburg, I don't Alderson Reporting Company 1 believe this is a question about relief. I believe this is a question about what constitutional right is implicated. This case arises from a State court. The failure to raise the issue below is jurisdictional and is not -- that issue is not before the -­

Justice Sotomayor: I don't know that that answers my question, because the way I phrased the question was very specific. South Carolina -- there's no constitutional right to counsel in every proceeding, but the question presented was whether South Carolina erred that an indigent defendant has no constitutional right to appointed counsel in any civil contempt proceeding. And if the answer to that is, if the civil contempt proceeding does not comply with minimum due process requirements, counsel is required.

Stephanos Bibas: Your Honor, I respectfully -­

Justice Sotomayor: Then isn't that an answer to the question presented?

Stephanos Bibas: I don't read the question presented that way, Your Honor -­

Justice Sotomayor: We can argue about that later.

Stephanos Bibas: Okay. Fine.

Justice Sotomayor: Okay? The point is -­

Justice Scalia: I would think that the rule Alderson Reporting Company 1 would be that if -- if South Carolina has not complied with minimum due process procedures, minimum due process procedures are required, not counsel is required.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Justice Scalia. In a case presenting that issue, that's the appropriate remedy. To go back to the -­

Justice Breyer: Think of what the Government says should happen. You should give them a form and the form should say do you have money to pay or not. All right. So, what did happen? Did the judge ever ask him?

Stephanos Bibas: Here's what happened, Justice Breyer: The rule to show cause, at Joint Appendix 50a, said in all capital letters "must bring proof of employment." This was Petitioner's sixth hearing. He was familiar with the issues before. At Petition Appendix 17a -­

Justice Breyer: Did he bring some proof of employment?

Stephanos Bibas: He did not. He had -­

Justice Breyer: All right. So, why would you put him in jail? He has no job.

Stephanos Bibas: All right. He had -- he explained that he, in fact -- tried to explain why he didn't have the money, that he had been -- both his Alderson Reporting Company 1 drugs and 2 months of disability. The judge, on the next page, Petition Appendix 18a -- he heard the testimony, he saw his demeanor, he didn't believe him and found him in willful contempt. And, finally -­

Justice Breyer: You mean he didn't believe him about what? That he had no money?

Stephanos Bibas: That he did not have the money.

Justice Breyer: Okay. So, he -- he thought he did have the money.

Stephanos Bibas: That's our reading of Petition Appendix 18a.

Justice Breyer: Do we -­

Justice Kagan: Well, we couldn't really tell, could we, Mr. Bibas? Because he completely ignored the question. The entire transcript is less than two pages long. Mr. Turner talked about how he had no money and he was disabled. The court completely ignored him. The court also ignored the questions on the form for the order of contempt about whether he had any money. The court ignored that as well.

Stephanos Bibas: Your Honor, none of those -- you are correct; none of those is filled out. But what I wanted to explain is that due process looks at the totality of the State procedures, and the State has Alderson Reporting Company 1 three mechanisms in place by which Petitioner, having counsel, could have challenged this. He could have challenged both the factual and legal findings on appeal. Family courts repeatedly overturn such judgments on appeal.

Justice Breyer: I'm actually trying to find -­

Justice Scalia: I don't understand all of this discussion. The question presented is not what due process procedures are required in these cases. That is not the question presented.

Justice Breyer: Just out of curiosity -­

Justice Scalia: It is simply whether counsel is necessary. Isn't that the only matter that we should be discussing?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. And -­

Justice Breyer: Fine, but I'd like to ask a different question. I'm trying to find out what happened here that was different from what the Government suggests. The Government suggests provide a piece of paper and to ask certain questions. What I'd like to know is what's different in this proceeding from what the Government suggests?

Stephanos Bibas: There was -- Alderson Reporting Company

Justice Breyer: That would have -- perhaps on no one else, but could have an effect on the way I decide the case.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. There was no such form provided, and there was not a form -­

Justice Breyer: I understand there was no -- look. If he asked the questions orally -­

Stephanos Bibas: Yes.

Justice Breyer: -- I might be tempted to say it doesn't matter. So, I'm trying to say what really differed from what the Government wants?

Stephanos Bibas: Whether in a form or orally, a judge could ask such questions, as Justice Sotomayor pointed out. There's a form in the appendix. Whether -- what happened here or not is not the question. The record is insufficient because Petitioner didn't develop it.

Justice Scalia: The Government is not a party here, is it?

Stephanos Bibas: No, Your Honor.

Justice Scalia: It's just an amicus. So, this expansion of the -- of the question presented from whether counsel was necessary to what are the due process procedures required is all at the suggestion of an amicus; is that right? Alderson Reporting Company

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. And so, to focus on -­

Justice Breyer: And skip that one. What I'm trying to figure out -- and I'm sorry, I may be the only one trying to -- I'm trying to figure out what, in general, is the fairness of such situations in -- where the woman is normally the one with the child, the man is normally the one who doesn't pay. Is it true, for example, that in most such situations across the country, the woman has a lawyer, but the man doesn't? Is that true or isn't it true? There must be some organization that's studied that.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. That's -- we don't have good nationwide statistics. What I can say is our understanding is that, first of all, Petitioner is incorrect in saying that the government has a lawyer here who is prosecuting. He is conflating the clerk of the court issuing a ministerial rule to show cause with the presence of a law-trained prosecutor. That is not the case in South Carolina. That is not the case in very many of the States.

Justice Breyer: Okay. So, the answer to what I think of, in my own mind only, as very relevant, whether the woman has a lawyer but the man doesn't, is: I don't know. Alderson Reporting Company

Stephanos Bibas: It -- it is not across the board.

Justice Breyer: And that is the answer? We don't have good information on that?

Stephanos Bibas: We don't have good statistics as to how often.

Justice Breyer: Okay. Fine. Yes.

Chief Justice Roberts: Counsel, do you know why we're not hearing from the State of South Carolina?

Stephanos Bibas: Because the State was not a party to the proceeding.

Chief Justice Roberts: No, no. I understand that they were involved below. They decided not to become a party before the State supreme court; is that right?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor.

Chief Justice Roberts: Why aren't they defending their procedures?

Stephanos Bibas: Well -­

Chief Justice Roberts: It may be an unfair question, since you don't represent the State.

Stephanos Bibas: Right. I don't know. All I can say is Mrs. Rogers went -- anticipating that she would receive child support, Mrs. Rogers went off welfare in 2003. After that point, the State ceased to have a Alderson Reporting Company 1 direct financial interest, and the State has written a couple of letters in the Joint Appendix saying that because we are not a party to the suit, our financial interest is not directly implicated.

Chief Justice Roberts: I think it would be a great financial interest if they have to provide counsel in these thousands and thousands of cases.

Stephanos Bibas: That is a -- that is a broader systemic interest, and the State did, in fact, join an amicus brief to that effect in this case.

Justice Scalia: Could I ask a question about your mootness point?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes.

Justice Scalia: You say it's --it's not capable of repetition and yet evading review, because should this happen again, he could get a stay, as he could have gotten in this case. Do you have any case of ours which -- which uses that reasoning and says the fact that in a future case you may be able to get a stay suffices to establish that this is not capable of repetition yet evading review? It's -- it's a new argument to me. Is there any case of ours that applies it?

Stephanos Bibas: The closest is this Court's decision in St. Pierre. A number of lower courts that Alderson Reporting Company 1 we cite have also followed St. -­

Chief Justice Roberts: But that can't possibly be true, because we have cases applying the rule that this is capable of repetition, yet evading review. If the rule were you have to get a stay, we wouldn't have any of those cases.

Stephanos Bibas: They -- no, Your Honor. In abortion cases, election cases, stays are practically impossible. This is a different category of case, where stays are available, and those cases also seek prospective relief. If I might go back to the financial interest that you pointed out earlier, the reason the State would care here -- it's not that -- there's a State fisc interest that's substantial, but the reason that matters to my clients is because the huge fiscal burden here could deter many States from this enforcement. In fact, it has. In New Jersey, after the State supreme court recognized in Pasqua a right to appointed counsel, New Jersey stopped using civil contempt enforcement. When a State has to appoint counsel and stops doing so, it removes deterrence in a massive number of cases. That's a -­

Justice Ginsburg: Do we have any -- any Alderson Reporting Company 1 computation about what it would be -- what the counsel fee would be, as opposed to keeping someone in prison for a year?

Stephanos Bibas: We don't have those numbers, but I also believe that's not the correct inquiry, Your Honor, because it's not just the few people who are confined. As I was saying earlier, if the percentage of those going to these hearings were actually confined is in the single digit percentages, as some of the numbers in the States' appendix suggest, then you're getting a huge leveraging effect of many people being coerced into paying before going into confinement or immediately after going into confinement. So, the State can permissibly weigh those costs and benefits, and that's for the State legislature. To go back to Justice Breyer's question earlier about what due process might require, I think it's important to focus on that these procedures are straightforward, informal procedures, navigable by laymen. The most natural thing in the world when being accused of not paying is to say: But I can't pay. And to follow it up with an explanation. I applied for this job; I'm out of work; I got sick. There are things that -- Alderson Reporting Company

Justice Breyer: Did anybody look at housing courts?

Stephanos Bibas: No, Your Honor.

Justice Breyer: I mean, housing courts -- I would think it's fairly common somebody owes somebody $25, or whatever it is, the judge says pay it into court, and what happens if they don't pay it into court?

Stephanos Bibas: We haven't looked at that, Your Honor, and I'm sure the same arises in administrative appeals and small claims court, any number of places. Here it's a simple intuitive issue, and South Carolina, like other States, uses relaxed, informal rules of evidence and procedure. There are effectively no rules of hearsay or authentication.

Justice Alito: There are things the judge could have asked, though, that -- and put on the record, and it might have cleared this up. He could have -- the Petitioner here said he wasn't working and he couldn't work because he had been hurt, so the judge could have asked for medical records to substantiate that. And then the Petitioner admitted that until recently, apparently, he had been taking meth, he had been snorting coke. The judge could have said, all right, you had the money then to buy those drugs; now, where did you get that and why do you no longer have Alderson Reporting Company 1 that source of money? He could have gone through a few simple steps, couldn't he, to make this -- to eliminate the problems?

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor, and whether that's salutary or ought to be considered in a future case, it's not the question here. But that could be worth exploring. It is much lower cost than appointing counsel across the board. It's important to note that -­

Justice Kennedy: It's a little difficult to write the opinion, if you are to prevail, saying there's no absolute right, but there might be in some other case, depending. We don't give much help to the system that way, because it might be that ultimately we would find that the balancing test is more complex than simply appointing the counsel.

Stephanos Bibas: I don't believe this Court has to do that, Your Honor. In -- in cases such as Gagnon and Lassiter, this Court laid out factors, said there's no categorical right to counsel, and the lower courts -­ our examination of the post-Gagnon cases suggests most of them have said, well, this is a pretty routine case, 85, 90 percent of the time -­

Justice Kennedy: Well, then you do think we should lay out the factors? And, if so, what are the Alderson Reporting Company 1 factors?

Stephanos Bibas: I -- I don't believe that it's necessary because we can't conceive of a legal issue here so complex that categorically a lawyer is necessary.

Justice Scalia: Counsel, I don't understand how we could say that if you do not meet minimum due process procedures, you must meet more than minimum due process procedures. I mean, once we say that it's enough if you do A, B, and C, but this State has not done A, B, and C, how can we say therefore you must appoint counsel? All we can say is you must do A, B, and C. I don't know of any instance where we impose more than the due process minimum because you have failed to comply with the minimum.

Stephanos Bibas: Yes, Your Honor. Perhaps to go back to Justice Kennedy's point, if -- if the Court were concerned about more specific guidance, it could point to at least in situations that involve relaxed informal rules of procedure, where no rules of hearsay authentication, no jury trials, informal discovery, judges handle questioning, no State prosecutor, at least there, there might be no right to counsel.

Justice Kennedy: Well, I -- I just don't know that all those things are properly before us. Alderson Reporting Company

Stephanos Bibas: Well, then, the appropriate thing is to answer the question that was raised by Petitioner in this case and not to go -- no need to go beyond that, I would suggest. Finally, let me point out that the closest analogue in the legal system to the question here about inability to pay child support is inability to afford counsel. Our criminal justice legal system has extensive experience with that under the CJA, the Criminal Justice Act. In the Federal system and in most States, the burden is on the defendant to show his inability to pay counsel. He doesn't -­

Justice Kagan: But, Mr. Bibas, practically when those forms are used, the person fills out a form, and mostly they're just accepted, aren't they?

Stephanos Bibas: Your Honor, I don't believe they're rubber-stamped. The statistics that I have seen show denial rates of 10 to 20 percent, in some counties as high as 35 percent. So, there is a meaningful inquiry and meaningful denials, and all of those cases would violate due process on Petitioner's logic. That cannot be the tidal wave to hit the criminal justice system. That is not an appropriate extension of due process because the issues here and there are simpler, far simpler than in Lassiter, a formal trial-type Alderson Reporting Company 1 adversarial procedure where nevertheless no categorical right to counsel was required. It's important to go back, if one looks at the roots of the right to counsel in Powell and Gideon and Zerbst, Powell talked about the need for the guiding hand of counsel who are skilled in the science of law in order to deal with technical defects in the charging instrument, to deal with incompetent, irrelevant, or evidence. In proceedings such as this, where there are no formal rules of pleading or evidence, there is not a need -- certainly not a need for a categorical right to counsel. If there are no further questions, may I conclude? Litigants can themselves argue the commonsense issue of ability to pay, just as they can address their ability to afford counsel without first having counsel, and the cost of appointing counsel across the board would deter States from enforcing custodial parents' and their children's rights, as it has in New Jersey. Thus, this Court should dismiss for want of jurisdiction or else affirm.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Mr. Waxman, you have 3 minutes remaining. REBUTTAL ARGUMENT OF SETH P. WAXMAN Alderson Reporting Company 1 ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONER

Seth P. Waxman: I have three points. Thank you, Mr. Chief Justice. First of all, I mean this -- the crux of this dispute comes down to whether this is some -- akin to some sort of simple form that can be filled out that any layperson, no matter how uneducated, can deal with. Second, the question is how much of a burden is this going to be on the States? And, third, the question of whether or not what counsel suggests as the Utah model or what he denigrates as the New Jersey model would be a way to square this circle. First of all, counsel says he can't conceive of a legal issue that can arise in this case. Let's just look at this case as an example. There was allegations of -- an admission of drug use. Does or does that not constitute an inability to pay? That is a legal question. It is not a factual question. Inability to comply is a legal defense, not a factual excuse. The allegation was he's not employed, but maybe he's not looking for work or he's underemployed. Is that inability to comply for purposes of a coercive contempt sanction? That is a legal question. Alderson Reporting Company 1 Our suggestion is he could be incarcerated so that he could be placed on work release in a county jail program and reduce his arrearage. Is that or is that not a permissible application of a coercive sanction of incarceration? The cases that we've seen have said no, but it is an open legal question. Even as to the marshaling of evidence, it is his burden not to just say, oh, I can't pay. He submitted a form that he filed for his disability payments that said I have no income and I have a car that's worth $1,500. Did he have to pay that car -­ sell the car to pay or not? That is a legal question. In terms of burden, the State is paying -­ there are approximately 15 percent of the State's jail population in any given year that are noncustodial parents that are serving terms, in this case two 6-month terms and a year term, at the cost -- according to the statistics, at the cost of between 13- and 17,000 dollars a year. South Carolina, because it refuses to comply with the requirements of the Federal program, has already paid $72 million to the government in fines and owes another 10. And if you want to really reduce the cost, Justice Kennedy, and make this manageable, take the system that they are applauding in Utah or denigrating in New Jersey. When the court sends out its Alderson Reporting Company 1 order to show cause, it says: Please fill out this form showing whether you have income, whether you have assets, and whether you are unable to hire counsel. If the -­

Justice Alito: Well, we don't have the Social Security disability form, but if the judge credited that and accepted that your client is -- was unable to work and had only the assets listed on that form, would he not then automatically be -- have shown that he had an inability to pay?

Seth P. Waxman: I think the answer is yes, but we don't know whether the judge even looked at the form, and we know from South Carolina law that a mere assertion is not the marshaling of evidentiary support that's required to carry the burden. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. The case is submitted. (Whereupon, at 11:12 a.m., the case in the above-entitled matter was submitted.)