Scialabba v. Cuellar de Osorio

Oral argument transcript · No. 12-930 · October Term 2013 · argued December 10, 2013 · the petitioner won

Decision: votes, opinion and citations · Official transcript (PDF) · Argument audio at the Supreme Court

Advocates

• Elaine J. Goldenberg, Assistant to the Solicitor General, for the petitioner
• Mark C. Fleming, Boston, Massachusetts, for the respondent

Transcript

From the Court's official transcript; speaker labels as in the transcript, with advocates' full names from its list of appearances.

Chief Justice Roberts: We'll hear argument now in Case 12­930, Mayorkas v. Cuellar de Osorio. ORAL ARGUMENT OF ELAINE J. GOLDENBERG ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court: The Board of Immigration Appeals reasonably interpreted Section 1153(h)(3) when it ruled that creation of a new petition by a new petitioner did not qualify as automatic conversion of an existing petition to an appropriate family­sponsored category. That interpretation is supported by the text and by the structure of the statutory scheme. Indeed, it avoids destabilizing that scheme by displacing waiting aliens, who have long had qualifying relationships with lawful permanent residence, and putting ahead of them in line a large number of adults, aged­out former derivative beneficiaries, who have only just attained a relationship with someone who can sponsor a family member.

Justice Ginsburg: But isn't there ­­ isn't the effect on the no longer child much more severe? I Alderson Reporting Company Official mean, if everybody has to get bumped down a little way, it'll make a difference of months until they qualify for a hearing.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Your Honor, I don't accept the proposition that it would only make a difference of months, although I know Respondents have argued that. It depends how many people ­­

Justice Ginsburg: Well, it's not going to be 27 years.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I'm sorry?

Justice Ginsburg: It's not going to be 20 years.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, Your Honor. It won't be 20 years, but it could be years, and these people in the F2B line have already been waiting for years to get up to the front of that line.

Justice Ginsburg: What about all the time this one child has been waiting? It gets no credit for that?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I think it's mistaken to think of a derivative beneficiary as waiting in line and being entitled to credit for waiting in line, for a couple of different reasons. First of all, the derivative's rights are, as the name suggests, completely derivative of the Alderson Reporting Company Official principal beneficiary's rights. If the principal beneficiary never becomes a lawful permanent resident, never crosses the border into this country, then the derivative gets nothing for the time that the principal beneficiary spent waiting in line. In addition, there are derivative beneficiaries who, under any understanding of what it means to wait in line, can't be conceived of as having waited ­­ excuse me ­­ for the time that the principal beneficiary has waited. And let me give you an example of that. In the F4 line, someone could be waiting in the F4 line as a principal beneficiary for, say, 15 years, and right as they're getting up to the front of that line ­­

Justice Scalia: What's F4? What's F4?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I'm sorry.

Justice Scalia: For those of us who don't deal with this as much as you do.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I apologize, Your Honor. F4 is siblings of U.S. citizens.

Justice Scalia: Okay.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: So they could be waiting in the F4 line for 15 years, let's say, as a principal Alderson Reporting Company Official beneficiary; and then just as they get ­­ they're getting up to the front of that line and their priority date is going to become current, they get married to somebody; and the person they get married to has a 17­year­old child at that point in time. That stepchild, that 17­year­old child, under the definition of child in the statute, will count as the principal beneficiary's child. And if, say, a year later, the principal beneficiary's priority date becomes current and that principal beneficiary is entitled to immigrate to the United States and become a lawful permanent resident, they're going to be able to bring that 17­year­old ­­ or, at that point, 18­year­old stepchild along with them as a derivative beneficiary. That stepchild did not wait in the line for the first 15 years that the principal beneficiary was waiting. And so that example, I think, shows why, when you look at a derivative beneficiary, you want to look at the end of the process, a snapshot in time of when the principal beneficiary is coming to this country. And what the statute says is, principal beneficiary, if ­­ at the moment you're coming, do you have a child who would be left behind in another country if you were to come without them, if so, bring them along. But it doesn't make sense to look at a Alderson Reporting Company Official derivative beneficiary ­­

Justice Kennedy: So you interpret automatic to include immediate?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, I think that if ­­ if automatically converted, in the context of this statute, if that's triggered by a particular event, then it has to happen as a result of that event, yes.

Justice Alito: But your reading of this statute gives (h)(3) a very, very narrow scope; isn't that correct? And I just want to see if I understand exactly how narrow it is. It would apply ­­ first of all, does it apply to any employment­based or diversity­based petitions?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, Your Honor, it does not.

Justice Alito: All right. It applies to an F2A petition filed by a legal permanent resident on behalf of that person's spouse; right? And ­­ and if that ­­ if they have a minor child, then the minor child would be a derivative.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Right.

Justice Alito: Benefit sharing.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes. It also would apply to a situation where an F2A petition is filed for a child as the principal beneficiary, and the child ages Alderson Reporting Company Official out of that status. But I'd also like to say that it doesn't actually apply to all aged­out F2A derivative beneficiaries, so it's, perhaps, even slightly narrower than Your Honor has described. It applies to situations where there can be automatic conversion of the existing petition and movement into a new appropriate category without a change in the petitioner. And so, for some of the reasons that I discussed before, regarding stepchildren, it actually will be the case that some aged­out F2A derivative beneficiaries ­­

Justice Breyer: Can you give me an idea of how ­­ just to follow up with Justice Alito. Can you ­­ I don't know if you asked the IRS ­­ the INS this question, you may, or something like it. Let's look at all of the derivative beneficiaries in the Fs, F1, 2A, 2B, F3, F4. And for the most part, they're grandchildren, they would be, or children, sometimes, nephews and nieces. And now, think of the set of all those people who age out. Okay? They started out as children, but it's 15 years later ­­ what's this thing­­ they're now aged out. Now, think of that set. It's ­­ call it a certain size. What percent of that set do you think Alderson Reporting Company Official are accounted for by the F2A people, who are the only ones on your interpretation that (3) would apply to?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I don't know what percentage ­­

Justice Breyer: Any idea ­­ any rough idea? Because, if you just look at it, one's natural instinct is just what Justice Alito said. This is a minuscule component of a set. It's much bigger, and therefore, it's just unlikely that Congress meant (3) to apply to a ­­ to a ­­ to a little molecule, when there's the whole ocean. Now, that ­­ that's the kind of argument that you're up against, I think, so I wanted to ask you that empirical question. If you can give me any idea of the empirical?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes, Your Honor. Well, before I get to the question of the numbers, and I can give you some numbers, although not perfect numbers, because of how records are kept in this area. I'd just like to say that, keep in mind, that what Congress was reasonably interpreted to be doing here is picking up on an existing regulation that was targeted specifically at this very group that we're talking about.

Justice Sotomayor: I'm going to let you answer his question, but, yes, they had a regulation, so Alderson Reporting Company Official why didn't they copy the regulation?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well ­­

Justice Sotomayor: It would have been much, much simpler to say this is limited to F2A beneficiaries than to write it the way they did and say this is to everybody who ages out.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: There are two reasons, I think, why they didn't copy the ­­

Justice Sotomayor: Answer him, and then ­­

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Okay. With respect to the numbers on our ­­ in our reply brief, on page 18, in the footnote, we've given the best numbers that we were able to come up with, and they are not complete numbers, about people who are aging out every year, for as long as the State Department's been keeping records about this, which is not all that long. And you can see that there's a series of parentheticals there, with respect to each year. The first number in the parenthetical represents age­out derivatives ­­ derivatives in the F2A category; and the second number represents aged­out derivatives in all family preference categories, including F2A. And the numbers for these F2A age­outs are not tiny; there are thousands of people a year. In some years, they are up in the 20 thousands. Alderson Reporting Company Official And so it is not necessarily a minuscule ­­

Justice Breyer: You ­­ did you ask ­­ anything that would give me ­­ that's the total global picture. That's the 2,000, 3,000, sometimes 10,000 aging out. All right. But ­­ but the real relevant thing is if we can get some idea, which seems in the paper, that your interpretation applies to ­­ only to a subset of those people. And just from reading it, that it's qualitative reading it, it sounds like a tiny subset of those people. Now, we can argue about whether that's for you or against you. I think it's against you, but nonetheless ­­

Justice Scalia: You do give the subsets. It's not just the general, is it?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes. There's ­­ I was going to say, the first number is the F2A ­­ the aged­out F2A derivatives. So ­­

Justice Breyer: That's F2A. But we want F2B now.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, I think F2A is what's relevant.

Justice Breyer: F2A. You're right. You're right.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: That's what's covered. And Alderson Reporting Company Official this is not a full universe of the numbers. These are numbers kept by the State Department, but the State Department is only responsible for half of the administration of this program. There are also people who adjust their status to lawful permanent resident in the United States, and those numbers just aren't kept. We tried to get them and weren't able to.

Justice Breyer: All right. So it looks like it's between 10 percent, and sometimes, it gets it up to 30 percent ­­

Elaine J. Goldenberg: It varies, Your Honor. And as I say, these numbers aren't perfect, but I think it gives you a sense of the universe that we're talking about here, to the best of our ability. So if I could turn back to Justice Sotomayor's question about why they didn't just go ahead and copy the language of the regulation into the statute and why they didn't just say F2A in the statute? I think the reason gets back to what I was discussing earlier, actually, with Justice Alito, which is that actually would have been overinclusive, if they had just said F2A beneficiaries are covered, because there is a set of F2A derivative beneficiaries who don't benefit from the language of Section 1153(h)(3), because they Alderson Reporting Company Official are the child of the petitioner's spouse, but they don't count as the child of the petitioner, probably for a stepchild kind of situation, like I was discussing earlier. If the stepchild is over 18 at the time of the marriage, they don't count as a stepparent's child under the statute. So there is a tiny corner, here, that would get carved out. And actually, Congress did a very good job in this statute of capturing exactly the universe of people that was captured under the preexisting regulation. The preexisting regulation required there to be another petition filed by the same petitioner, and automatic conversion to the appropriate category gets at exactly that same kind of result. The other reason I think why Congress might not have specified F2A in Section 1153(h)(3), in addition to just its understanding of automatic conversion as a term of art in this area that was doing the work that it wanted, is that Section 1153(h)(3) now functions smoothly, if there's a change in the family­sponsored categories, which has happened in the past. Congress has changed up those categories, added categories. And so if, for instance, Congress were now to add a category for grandchildren of U.S. Alderson Reporting Company Official citizens, then aged­out F3 beneficiaries, like Respondents' sons and daughters, could automatically convert to an appropriate category and Section 1153(h)(3) would work just fine.

Justice Alito: Suppose there are two ­­ suppose there are two lawful permanent residents who are exactly the same, except that one has a minor child and one has an adult unmarried child. So the latter files an F2B petition and gets in line on a particular date, right? Then the former, the lawful permanent resident, who has an unmarried ­­ who has a minor child, files an F2A petition and gets in that line. But then by the time the date comes up, the child has aged out, and so, now, you would say that would be converted to an F2B petition.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Correct.

Justice Alito: But the person would be ­­ the child would be at a much lower point, right, than the first one? Why would Congress have wanted that?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I don't think that's necessarily true. It would depend on how the priority dates were working between when they were coming current in the different categories. I do think it's true that the aged­out F2A individual would go into the middle or Alderson Reporting Company Official the back of the F2B line, the way that the priority dates are currently working out.

Justice Alito: Right. And the other one would be higher up.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, but they would ­­ yes, I suppose that's true, but the person who ages out would be keeping the original priority date, so they're not entitled to more than that. And the reason Congress might have wanted to put people into the middle or back of the F2B line and not right up to the front of the F2B line, which would be the effect of Respondents' interpretation ­­

Justice Alito: Oh, okay. I see. Thank you.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: ­­ is that that's extremely disruptive to the line. And I would like to spend a few minutes talking about that because I think it's critically important here ­­

Justice Kagan: Ms. Goldenberg, before you do that, could I just ask you to respond to a sort of different hypothesis of what Congress was up to here and tell me what, if anything, you think follows from it? Assume you think that Congress actually was not intending this very small category, that Congress was intending for this to be a pretty wide provision, Alderson Reporting Company Official but what Congress was ­­ it was laboring under a misapprehension. I mean, it thought that you could do this kind of automatic conversion with respect to all of these people, and it turns out Congress was just utterly wrong on that. So ­­ but Congress includes this language about automatic conversion. So what do I do if I basically have a hunch that that's what Congress was thinking, but, yet, the language that it adopted talks about automatic conversion, which is impossible for many of this category.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Right. I think it's the language that's on the face of the statute that's important, and it's ambiguous for the very reason that you just gave, which is that there are a lot of people for whom automatic conversion to the appropriate category just isn't going to work.

Justice Scalia: Do you mean we can't correct congressional mistakes?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, but I think, in a situation where the language is ambiguous, the Agency is entitled to deference, and deference is particularly appropriate in this kind of circumstance. This Court has said, before, that deference is particularly appropriate in immigration contexts, and I think, if any Alderson Reporting Company Official immigration context is appropriate for it, it's this one because very delicate lines have to be drawn here. If someone is helped, someone else is hurt. And it's something where you have to step very carefully. Otherwise, there is going to be real destabilization of the system. And just before I turn to that, let me just say one more thing about what Congress was thinking. To the extent that you look at the legislative history here, there is no indication that Congress was thinking that this would sweep broadly. In fact, there are many statements on the floor about not wanting to displace people who are waiting in line, which would cut in the other direction. So the destabilization that would occur as a result of Respondents' interpretation would be many people ­­ and we can't quantify exactly how many, but we have reason to think that the number is quite large ­­ would come pouring into, in most cases, the very front of the F2B line and would hold it up for very significant periods of time and perhaps even freeze that line altogether. Keep in mind that, in that line, there are only 26,250 visas available per year ­­ nothing changes that ­­ and per country, there are only about 1,800 Alderson Reporting Company Official visas available per year. So if you envision, say, 3,600 people from one country coming into the front of the F2B line, every single person in that line ­­ that's at least hundreds of thousands of people, based on State Department numbers, and more than that probably, if you had the other numbers, is going to wait for two additional years. And if there are more people who come into the front of the line, all those people are going to wait longer. And the equities here are such that the people who are going to be pushed back really have entitlement to stay where they are, and that's for this reason: The people coming into the front of the line, the aged­out F3 and F4 derivative beneficiaries, have only just, just moments before this has happened, obtained some kind of qualifying relationship with the U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident that would entitle them to family­sponsored immigration. Prior to their parent, the principal beneficiary, becoming a lawful permanent resident, they were just the nieces, nephews, grandchildren, of citizens and ­­

Justice Kennedy: So that ­­ that's an expectation argument? I mean, I'm not trying to put words in your mouth, but is that the point you're Alderson Reporting Company Official making?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, I think the idea is that the people who are going to be pushed have had long­time relationships with a lawful permanent resident, entitling them directly to family­sponsored immigration. They have been waiting in the F2B line, maybe for years. They've been separated from their parents for that entire period of time, most likely. And what Respondents' position would mean would be that these aged­out F3 and F4 derivative beneficiaries would basically experience no period of separation from their parents because they would ­­

Justice Breyer: We don't have numbers on separation from parents. We do know that these people, the ones that would be caught on the broad interpretation, have also been waiting for years and years and years and years. They've all been waiting for years and years and years and years, and it becomes hard to choose among them.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, I do think that there are sympathetic stories on both sides, but ­­

Justice Breyer: You can find sympathetic stories all over the place, and I mean ­­ all right. Go ahead. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Elaine J. Goldenberg: For the reason I gave earlier, though, I don't think it's right to think of derivative beneficiaries as, themselves, waiting in line. I really do think that that's the wrong way to ­­ to look at the problem in this case. The reason that aged­out F2A derivative beneficiaries get the benefit of Section 1153(h)(3) is not that they've been waiting in line. It's that they, themselves, have a relationship to a lawful permanent resident, that either did entitle them or would entitle them to be a principal beneficiary in their own right.

Justice Alito: But is your real quarrel here with ­­ with the idea of an appropriate category or with the automatic conversion? On the Respondents' view, why isn't there an automatic conversion? Because they say that, as soon as the person ages out, they can be moved into ­­ into another category. That sounds like it's automatic.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I do think you have to look at the phrase as a whole, but I also don't think that that's what Respondents are arguing. They are arguing that ­­

Justice Alito: Well, why isn't it automatic?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, I think it's not Alderson Reporting Company Official automatic because at the moment ­­ let me step back and say I think there are two different problems with Respondents' position. One is the question of whether you can ever have automatic conversion to an appropriate category of an existing petition, when you're subbing in someone new as the petitioner. So that's one issue. And then there's a separate issue ­­

Justice Alito: But automatic just means something occurs without anybody having to initiate the change.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: That's true.

Justice Alito: So why isn't there ­­ why isn't it automatic here?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, I think that ­­ with respect to the issue that I was just talking about, which is the question of whether you can ever convert a petition to ­­ make a petition by its ­­ something that's by a new petitioner. There, there is some action that is required. Do you have to go to the new petitioner, the parent, and say, would you like to petition? Do you have to check that person? Now, keep in mind, they've never been checked at the beginning of this process when petitions are evaluated and approved, to see if they qualify to be a petitioner. For instance, to be a petitioner, you Alderson Reporting Company Official can't have committed certain crimes against minors. And that will never have happened here. So if you have to stop and do that check, at that stage as well, then it's starting to look a lot less automatic. Then there's a separate question, as I say, even if you did think that the statute could unambiguously be read to say that you can take a petition by someone's grandparent and make it into a petition by someone's parent, there's a separate timing question that the parties are disputing here as well and that the board ruled on in its decision in Wang, and that is, what is the moment when automatic conversion is supposed to take place? Respondents' argument is that it's supposed to take place at whatever time the derivative beneficiary is interviewed, essentially at the very end of the process, a consular interview or an adjustment of status interview or evaluation, and that that's when automatic conversion ought to happen. But what the board said, and I think quite recently, is something different, which is the statute gives you a date ­­ Section 1153(h)(1) gives you a date as of which you are supposed to evaluate the derivative beneficiary's age. And that's the date that the visa number Alderson Reporting Company Official becomes available to a parent.

Justice Kagan: I understand that argument, but that's not the argument that Wang made, is it? Wang suggested that if the ­­ the appropriate date was at the very date of aging out, so ­­ so it seems as though you shouldn't be entitled to Chevron deference on that question, given what Wang said about it.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I don't think that's true, Your Honor. I think, as I read Wang in any event, that it says, on page 33, you get automatic conversion if the beneficiary is 21 years or older pursuant to (h)(1), and then later, in the decision on page 35, it talks about the moment the beneficiary aged out. But, that, I take it to be referring back to the (h)(1) determination that's been made. So it's aged out, not biologically in the sense of turning 21 and celebrating your 21st birthday, but becoming 21 ­­ over 21 ­­ 21 or over, under (h)(1), as of that date that the visa number becomes available to the parent. I think that's how Wang is best interpreted. There may be separate questions about whether people are entitled to the protections of (h)(1), but those aren't being raised in this case, and that's not something that Wang itself ruled on. And so I do think that there's a reasonable Alderson Reporting Company Official reading of the statute that says ­­ getting back to the question of automatically, the moment ­­ the key moment is the moment that you're evaluating derivative beneficiary's age as of. And as of that date, they're either under 21 and they can be treated as a child for the rest of the process, or they're 21 or over, and you got to figure out what can you do with them. Can they be automatically converted to an appropriate category or can they not? And if not, then they're out of luck. And that is a way of reading the statute that makes it a very smooth movement from one category to another without any kind of gap in eligibility. And it's a reasonable reading of the statute. So as I say, I think Respondents really do have two ­­

Justice Breyer: What do we do with a reasonable reading of the statute? I looked at the board's opinion here, and it seems to me, in the two paragraphs just prior to Section 5, at the end of Section 4, they have as a critical step in their ­­ in reaching their conclusion, their belief that the legislative record demonstrates a clear concern on the part of Congress to ameliorate the delays associating with the process of the visa processing. Alderson Reporting Company Official And they say the same thing in the paragraph just above that.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes, Your Honor.

Justice Breyer: So that's what they think this statute is about. But that statute ­­ that problem is taken care of in (1)(b). And so the question would be, if that problem, which subtracts all the days that there was a processing delay, is taken care of on (1)(b), they can't be right, that that was the purpose of 3. So unless you can say to me how that could possibly be right, that reasoning, then what we should do, I guess, if we think that you have authority in the government to interpret this minor part of the statute, which I do, is generate. Send it back. And ­­ and maybe give them ­­ say you ought to do this again because the reason you gave is not good. Or why not?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: I don't think there's a problem with the reason they gave, and I would like to explain why, but even if there were a problem with the reason they gave, I don't think that it would appropriate to send it back. And let me talk about each of those. With respect to the reasoning on the Alderson Reporting Company Official legislative history, the way that I read the board decision is totally consistent with my own reading of legislative history, which is to say that Congress' overwhelming concern and the thing that Congress talked about, by far, the most in the fairly sparse legislative history here, there's no pertinent report, really, there are just a couple of days of debate. And the thing that Congress talked about the most was the administrative delays. That was Congress' overarching concern. And Congress didn't really talk about (h)(3). They didn't really say what they were doing there. They didn't really say what they were getting up to. And so I think, under those circumstances, the board is reasonable in saying it makes sense to think that what Congress was doing was not some kind of big change and destabilization of the whole immigrant visa system, in the way that I described earlier. It was doing something pretty small. And it was taking an existing regulation and putting it into the statute. And by doing that, it could be certain that it wasn't going to cause disruption. And it wasn't going to upset ­­

Justice Sotomayor: That is strange because I look at (h)(3), which talks about automatic conversion Alderson Reporting Company Official of battered spouses, of widowed spouses, and I think, under your reading, you're basically saying Congress was not intending to let those people jump the line. Am I correct.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, Your Honor.

Justice Sotomayor: Because you have to change names?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No.

Justice Sotomayor: Oh, there's automatic ­­

Elaine J. Goldenberg: There ­­ there is automatic conversion for self­petitioners and their derivatives. It's provided for in a provision that preexisted the Child Status Protection Act, and a very complete and total age­out protection is provided in that provision ­­

Justice Sotomayor: So why did Congress need to add (h) ­­ (h)(4), using exactly the same language that it used for (h)(3)?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well, Congress ­­

Justice Sotomayor: That they ­­ that they were entitled to the same benefits of automatic conversion as (h)(3)?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Congress added (h)(4) a couple of years after the Child Status Protection Act, I think, basically, just to ensure that battered women, people who are subject to abuse, could get whatever Alderson Reporting Company Official benefit the Child Status Protection Act offered them, even though they already had this other very good protection that I'm talking about against aging out, in Section 1154(a)(1)(d)(1), (1) and (3). But in addition, it is possible to envision a situation where a self­petitioner could qualify under Section 1153(h)(3). I don't know that anyone would ever go that route because they have this other provision that they can rely on. But if you think of a self­petitioner who is the child of an abuser that's ­­ like an F2A ­­

Justice Sotomayor: So you can have automatic ­­

Goldberg: Exactly.

Justice Sotomayor: You can have automatic conversion only in the situations that give you other ­­ other statutes.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Exactly. If I could reserve the remainder of my time? Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Mr. Fleming. ORAL ARGUMENT BY MARK C. FLEMING ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS

Mark C. Fleming: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it Alderson Reporting Company Official please the Court: The government began at step 2 of Chevron, but I would submit that this case can and should be resolved at step 1. The government is asking this Court to read the statute in a highly disfavored way, such that it is not harmonious, but at war with itself, and nothing in the language requires that. In fact, I would recommend that the Court turn to the back page of the government's brief, where the statute is actually set forth. And we can see that provision (h)(3) consists of one sentence, and that sentence consists of two parts, separated by a comma. Before the comma, the language sets forth one and only one eligibility criterion. After the comma, the language sets forth two things that shall be done if the eligibility criterion is satisfied. Now, importantly, the government does not contend that there is any ambiguity in the language before the comma. Everyone agrees that it contemplates and includes all derivative beneficiaries. There's no dispute about that. And a bedrock rule at the step 1 inquiry is that the Court reads the statute as a harmonious whole. That goes double when we're talking about a Alderson Reporting Company Official single sentence. So if there is a possible reading of this sentence that is harmonious with the clear opening clause that applies to all derivative beneficiaries under step 1 of Chevron. That is the reading the Court gives to the statute. It's especially important here because the precise question at issue in this case is a question of eligibility and scope. Who gets the benefit of the two benefits set forth ­­ the two duties set forth by the shalls in the language after the comma? And Congress spoke to that directly in the language before the comma, all derivative beneficiaries who have gone through the (h)(1) formula and whose age is determined to be over 21. Now, the government's claim of ambiguity here depends on asking the Court to read one of the benefits after the comma, automatic conversion, in such a narrow and limited way, a way not required by the plain language, a way that even the BIA actually did not adopt, but such that it is incompatible with the broad scope set forth before the comma. The Court should be very suspicious of that reading because it is exactly the contrary of the traditional tool of statutory construction going back to Brown & Williamson and FTC v. Mandel that says the Court Alderson Reporting Company Official reads a statute holistically as a harmonious whole. For the government's argument to work, the Court would have to be satisfied that we were in a situation like National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, which is the only case that they cite for their ambiguity claim, but there, the Court faced two different statutes and acted at different times that were clearly contradictory. You could not comply with both of them at the same time. You had to pick one or other the other. And in that context, this Court said that opens the door to Agency interpretation. So in order for the ­­

Justice Kennedy: Under your view, does automatic conversion cover someone who has to file a new petition?

Mark C. Fleming: Automatic conversion does not require the filing of a new petition. It obviates a new piece of paper. That is the purpose. When the board addressed what conversion ­­

Justice Kennedy: So the way this works, you don't have to file a new petition?

Mark C. Fleming: That's common ground between us. Automatic conversion means that the old petition is deemed to have been approved in a different category. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Justice Scalia: But under ­­ under her theory, the ­­ the petition is ­­ is still coming from the same person. Under yours, it would be coming from a different person. How can you ­­ how can you even know that that person now wants this ­­ this ­­ this new adult to come in, much less go ahead without a petition from that person?

Mark C. Fleming: Well, a couple of points on that, Justice Scalia. First of all, if in the highly hypothetical situation, that you have a parent who has immigrated and does not want an aged­out child to come and join them in the United States, then it is easy for the parent ­­ the lawful permanent resident parent to withdraw a petition. Also, the child cannot immigrate.

Justice Scalia: You’re going to file a petition in that person's name, without that person's consent?

Mark C. Fleming: Well, the immigration ­­ the ultimate moment of immigration, when the child comes in, cannot happen without the parent's consent. The parent, under a provision that the government cites ­­

Justice Scalia: And you're saying that this automatically gives the consent of that parent?

Mark C. Fleming: No, I'm not saying that, Justice Scalia. Alderson Reporting Company Official

Justice Scalia: Well, you must be if it can automatically convert.

Mark C. Fleming: The conversion can happen to a petition in the F2B category, but in order for a visa actually to be given and for the child to immigrate, the ­­ first of all, the child would have to provide proof the parent is, in fact, a permanent resident, and would also have to provide an affidavit of support, under a provision that the government cites in its reply brief, agreeing to support the child, so that he or she does not become a public charge. That can't happen without the consent of the petitioner. So if there ever were a situation ­­

Justice Kagan: I'm sorry.

Mark C. Fleming: I'm sorry, Justice Kagan.

Justice Kagan: Please.

Mark C. Fleming: Well, I was just going to finish the thought. If there ever were to be a highly hypothetical situation, where the converted petition put into the position of petitioner someone who did not want the child to come in, there are plenty of off­ramps that that petitioner can take, in order to avoid that outcome. So that is not an impediment to our argument at all.

Justice Kagan: In the usual case, a Alderson Reporting Company Official petitioner has to show a bunch of things, right? You have to come in and say, I'm a legal permanent resident, and ­­ you know, I file an affidavit of support and show that you haven't committed any offenses against minors and all of this stuff, right? So ­­ but you're suggesting that we can just ignore all of those requirements that usually have to be shown at the threshold for a petition to be accepted; isn't that right?

Mark C. Fleming: That's not right at all, Justice Kagan, certainly not that they have to be ignored. There is an adjudicated petition on file by the U.S. citizen relative, but in order for the child to immigrate, the ­­ the new petitioner ­­ the lawful permanent resident parent, has to meet all those requirements, which are assessed at the moment that the child's visa application is adjudicated. That is also when the determination of the age happens under the child's status for protection. That's where that conversion happens.

Justice Sotomayor: Is that for F2A children as well?

Mark C. Fleming: I think ­­

Justice Sotomayor: These steps, are they applied to F2A? Alderson Reporting Company Official

Mark C. Fleming: Derivatives ­­ who age out?

Justice Sotomayor: Yes ­­ not derivatives. I'm talking about the children of spouses.

Mark C. Fleming: Yes, Justice. The answer is, yes, Justice Sotomayor.

Justice Sotomayor: Everything happens at visa issuance moment?

Mark C. Fleming: The visa ­­ the visa application stage ­­ the officer who is adjudicating the visa application has to ensure the qualifications of the petitioner, to make sure they actually are a U.S. citizen or permanent resident entitled to petition, and the qualifications of the beneficiary, to make sure that they have met all of the requirements.

Justice Sotomayor: Direct ­­ direct or derivative?

Mark C. Fleming: Yes. Derivative or principal inside the United States or outside of the United States.

Justice Alito: So you're saying ­­ you're saying that these things would happen ­­ do I understand you correctly, these things ­­ or most of these same things would happen in the cases in which the government says there is automatic conversion?

Mark C. Fleming: Most certainly, Justice Alito. Alderson Reporting Company Official Yes, that is exactly right. And the ­­ the issue of time ­­ I mean, I think maybe it's worth backing up and talking about how we think automatic conversion is supposed to function. What happens is, you have the petition originally filed, it gets approved, and then they wait until the visa number becomes current, and then they each, each beneficiary, has to file a visa application, which gets adjudicated. Now, that could be adjudicated in one of two ways, depending on whether the beneficiaries in the United States or outside. Notably, if the beneficiaries are inside the United States, they go through adjustment of status, and there is no claim on the government side that there's any obstacle to automatic conversion at that point. Why is that? Because they both go in at the same time, parent and child. The officer always adjudicates the principal beneficiary's file first. It will approve the application, and then the parent becomes a lawful permanent resident on the spot. And then nothing prevents the officer from looking at the child and saying, while I'm doing the (h)(1) calculation, your age turns out to be over 21 under this formula. Nonetheless, I can treat your Alderson Reporting Company Official petition as automatically converting to F2B because you are the adult son or daughter of a newly minted lawful permanent resident parent, who's sitting right here. No difficulty at all. Certainly no impossibility.

Justice Kagan: Mr. Fleming, to accept that argument, don't you have to accept your understanding of what the appropriate date is? I mean, let's suppose that the government is right, that the date is the one that's actually specified in the statute, which says the date on which an immigrant visa number becomes available. At that date, the parent is not even going to be a legal permanent resident; isn't that right?

Mark C. Fleming: Two answers to that, Justice Kagan. First of all, your answer to Ms. Goldenberg was completely right, which is that is not the approach that the Board of Immigration Appeals took in Wang. The board thought, wrongly, and the government now does not even try to defend it, that the conversion had to happen, if at all, at the date that the ­­ at the moment that the beneficiary aged out. That's what they say. They say, we look to see which category the petition converted to at the moment the beneficiary aged out. That's on Page 35. They Alderson Reporting Company Official tried to defend that in front of ­­

Justice Kagan: But let's assume that this is the right date, the one that's actually specified in the statute. Can you win if that's the right date?

Mark C. Fleming: It is ­­ well, we don't think that is the right date. It's a ­­

Justice Kagan: I know, but can you win if it is the right date?

Mark C. Fleming: Well, I think, at that point, the question then becomes, does the conversion have to happen immediately at that time, or as long as it's converted at some point in the future, are we still interpreting the statute in a harmonious way? It automatically doesn't have to mean immediately. Now, we think it can mean immediately, if that's how the Court chooses to interpret it, and still win, because we think the determination happens when the adjudication happens, which is when, under their current procedures, they do the age calculations. But even if the Court disagrees with me on that and thinks that the statute requires the determination to happen sooner, all that means is, at some point after the determination, the petition shall be converted; but that doesn't mean it has to be done right at the time of the determination. Alderson Reporting Company Official I'd like to back up, though, and take on the premise of the question, which is that (h)(1) somehow says that the conversion in (h)(3) has to happen on the date that the visa becomes available because that's not what the statute says. H(3) does not say that the conversion has to happen on that date. It could have said that. There are regulations in 204.2(i) that specify when the conversion happens as of a particular time or upon a particular occurrence. Congress could have taken language like that and put it into (h)(3). It didn't. All that (h)(1) is doing is setting out the particular formula that gets applied to determine the age of the derivative beneficiary for purposes of Subsection (d), and it sets it out by having two ­­ by setting out two numbers that get subtracted. First number is in (h)(1)(a). The second number is in (h)(1)(b). And the first number is the age of the child on the date the visa became available, and that is reduced by the number in (b), which is the number of days that the petition was pending. Nothing in (h)(1) says, you have to do this calculation at a particular time. It just says, when you do this calculation, here are the numbers you use. But the determination itself is a matter of Agency Alderson Reporting Company Official procedure, and under their current procedures, it's not disputed what happens ­­ this happens at the time after the visa application has been filed, and it is ready for adjudication when the officer sits down, whether it's a State Department consular officer outside the country or a CIS officer in the country, sits down with the applicant and makes sure that all the eligibility criteria are met, including this one.

Justice Breyer: But how does ­­ how ­­ can I try an example? Because I find it easier.

Mark C. Fleming: Of course, Justice Breyer.

Justice Breyer: All right. Imagine Steven is a citizen. His brother Charles is not. So under 4 ­­ and Charles has a son, Joseph, who is not. That will help you think about it. All right. So we're under F4. Steven files a petition. The beneficiary is Charles. Charles has a minor son, Joseph. Visa is granted, et cetera, for ­­ not visa ­­ you know, he's given ­­ everything is in order, and now, Charles has to wait about ten years or so. By the time he gets ­­ at the time his number becomes current ­­ the number becomes available for the alien, namely for Charles, at that moment, we calculate Joseph's age, and it's 24. Alderson Reporting Company Official All right. So your idea is that Charles is current. Everything is fine. He goes to the port or the office, wherever he's supposed to go, and he brings Joseph with him. At that point, Joseph, since he's no longer a child, has to come in under another category, and that category is going to be, I guess, 2B because Charles will be now an LPR, and Joseph will be unmarried over 21, right? Am I right so far?

Mitchell: I'm uncomfortable referring to Your Honor by your first name or your brother by his first name. (Laughter.)

Justice Breyer: This is an imaginary ­­ he spells it with a V.

Mark C. Fleming: But Your Honor has it right ­­

Justice Breyer: Okay. Now, if I have it right ­­

Mark C. Fleming: With one tweak, which is I think you're positing that your brother and his son are outside the country, not going through adjustment of status.

Justice Breyer: Yes.

Mark C. Fleming: ­­ where the situation is a Alderson Reporting Company Official bit different because then ­­

Justice Breyer: All right.

Mark C. Fleming: ­­ your brother would become a permanent resident immediately. There's no problem going to a port.

Justice Breyer: Okay.

Mark C. Fleming: But for consular processing, I think what would happen is when you go to the consular office ­­

Justice Breyer: Yes.

Mark C. Fleming: ­­ Judge Breyer's application would be accepted and the calculation would be done for the son, and it would be ­­ all right ­­

Justice Breyer: All right. Now the ­­

Mark C. Fleming: You now no longer qualify as a derivative because you are 24.

Justice Breyer: All right. But there is one thing missing. Charles has not filed a petition for Joseph. So what do we do about that?

Mark C. Fleming: What happens then is what can happen already under the Agency procedures, which is they deny Joseph's application without prejudice to reapplication within a year, which they can do. They do it already. Judge Breyer immigrates to the United Alderson Reporting Company Official States. He goes up to the port. He is admitted as a lawful permanent resident, and the moment that happens and the moment Joseph gets proof of that happening, he goes back into the consulate and says, all right ­­

Justice Breyer: And doesn't ­­ doesn't Charles, as a lawful permanent resident, have to file a piece of paper called the petition ­­

Mark C. Fleming: No.

Justice Breyer: ­­ in which Joseph is named primary beneficiary?

Mark C. Fleming: I mean, we have two arguments on this. Our principal position is no, because, at that point, there can be automatic conversion from Your Honor's petition ­­

Justice Breyer: Yes.

Mark C. Fleming: ­­ with respect to ­­ to an F2B petition on ­­

Justice Breyer: But there is no ­­there is no F2B petition because Charles never filed it.

Mark C. Fleming: Well, that ­­ but that's ­­

Justice Breyer: I mean, yes; right.

Mark C. Fleming: He ­­ you don't need to a piece ­­ that's what automatic conversion is­­

Justice Breyer: That's what I want to know. You don't need ­­ Alderson Reporting Company Official

Mitchell: It means that you don't need to file a piece of paper.

Justice Breyer: We do all this, and ­­

Mark C. Fleming: It's done constructively, and that's what automatic conversion is. The petition is deemed as though it had been filed for purposes of a different category, and even in the situations where the government agrees it applies, the F2A case, not only the category changes, the principal beneficiary changes. Because the original F2A position was for a spouse, it converts to an F2B petition for the child ­­ or the aged­out child. There is no reason ­­ now, the government asserts that there's something in the nature of the word "conversion" that makes it impossible for the petitioner to change, that that is somehow a barrier. Now, there's no reason to think that that's the case. First of all, the BIA never said that that was the case. When the BIA talks about the meaning of conversion in the Wang opinion, it says the conversion is used when, quote, "a visa petition converts from one visa category to another" ­­ not a problem here ­­ "and the beneficiary of that petition then falls within a new classification without the need to file a new visa petition." Alderson Reporting Company Official Nothing about the identity of the petitioner, and conversion just means a transformation. There's no reason that a change, which can already, the government agrees, involve a change to a different category for a different principal beneficiary, can't also involve a new ­­ a change in the petitioner. Conversion isn't defined in the Act's glossary. The INA has a detailed glossary in Section 1101. Conversion isn't given a special meaning. The identity of the petitioner is not mentioned in (h)(3) at all, unlike the preexisting regulation, Justice Sotomayor, which clearly did say that ­­ that a new petition has to be filed and it has to be filed by the same petitioner.

Justice Scalia: If I understand you, the ­­ the parent will be deemed to have filed a petition for admission of this now­adult, right?

Mark C. Fleming: That is correct.

Justice Scalia: And ­­ but the parent can withdraw that petition?

Mark C. Fleming: If he or she would ever wish to do so, yes. And the child cannot immigrate without the parent taking additional steps, most notably, the filing of an affidavit ­­

Justice Scalia: All of this flows from the Alderson Reporting Company Official word "automatic"?

Mark C. Fleming: From the phrase "automatic conversion," yes. And the fact that Congress in the opening clause, before the comma of this provision, made very clear that it is to apply to all derivative beneficiaries because it says, if you go through the calculation of (h)(1), which everyone agrees ­­ even the vacated panel opinion of the Ninth Circuit agreed with this, and even the government agrees, that (h)(1) applies to all derivative beneficiaries. And if you go through that calculation and your age is still over 21 when you come through it, then your petition shall automatically be converted to the appropriate category, and if, for some reason, Justice Scalia, the parent has a problem with that, there are plenty of ways for the parent to stop the immigration of the child, although I've never heard of a situation where that might actually happen. One thing I would like to back up to, just because we are at Chevron step 1, and one of the issues that this Court indicated in Brown and Williamson is important for that ­­ for that analysis, is a modicum of common sense as to the manner in which Congress would have been likely to delegate this particular question to the Agency. Alderson Reporting Company Official The question here isn't some interstitial matter or some filling of a gap that Congress is not likely to have turned its mind to. It is a foundational question, who gets the benefit of these mandates after the comma, the automatic conversion and the retention of priority dates. It's unlikely that Congress didn't think about something as basic as that; and if they did mean to delegate that to the Board of Immigration Appeals, it's a very strange way of doing it because ­­

Justice Kagan: Based on ­­ another understanding of Chevron is, sometimes, Congress writes confusing statutes that point in two different directions at once, and then there's a choice. Does the Court make the best of it, or does the Agency make the best of it? And the Agency knows a lot about the subject matter, and especially this Agency, and so irrespective of whether Congress meant to delegate something in some very self­conscious way, this is a confusing statute, it's a kind of a muddle. The ­­ the Agency gets to do it.

Mark C. Fleming: I would certainly agree, Justice Kagan, as a general matter, that the immigration law is confusing, but I don't think it's any more Alderson Reporting Company Official confusing than other statutes, where this Court worked through and found the ­­ the ultimate provision at issue to be clear on the question at issue. And here, the question is who gets the benefit of it? And we have an opening clause that is undisputed in its meaning, that covers all derivative beneficiaries. We also have benefits, automatic, conversion and retention priority date, that clearly can be applied ­­ possibly, not only possibly, but easily ­­ to the full scope set out in the clause before the comma. And we have an omission, presumably deliberate, of specific limitations not only in the regulations, but also in the V visa provision, which we cite, which specifically call out the very group that the government now is trying to favor. If Congress had meant to say, this only goes to F2A beneficiaries, it had two very easy example of how to do that. It deliberately, presumably, chose not to do that. As the Fifth Circuit observed and as the questioning earlier in the argument indicated, if all that the Congress was trying to do here was codify an existing regulation, it was very easy for them to say so, but this is a ameliorative provision. Even the BIA acknowledged that. Alderson Reporting Company Official They were trying to solve a problem that happened when people had been waiting for a long period of time, and not just the beneficiary, but also the ­­ just not the derivative beneficiary, but also the principal beneficiary. I mean, the lead Respondent in this case, Rosario Cuellar de Osorio, had been waiting a long time to emigrate with her husband and her family, and then when the time came, she was told, you can all go, except Melvin; because he happened to turn 21 four months before the visa number became available. Congress recognized that was a problem and tried to fix it. And they did fix it, clearly. That is the common­sense reading of this provision, that the clear language up front, before the comma, sets out the scope, and that Congress meant the remainder of the provision to be read consistently, harmoniously, and holistically, as this Court has said it always does, with that scope, not to read it in tension ­­ in some kind of irretrievable hostility with itself, which is the argument that the government needs to convince this Court of in order to even get to step 2. Now, of course, we do have an alternative argument, with ­­ which is ­­ you know, independent, Alderson Reporting Company Official even if this Court were to agree that our Respondents' children are not entitled to automatic conversion, although we think they clearly are, then, at the very least, there is another way to read the statute harmoniously, which is that they're entitled to the retention of priority date. That is the main benefit that is provided by (h)(3). It's the benefit that is mentioned in the inactive title of the statute, and it's all that's needed to affirm the judgment here. And, again, remember the standard. All we ­­ all we need to show, for our purposes, to affirm the court of appeals, is that the language after the comma can be read in a way that is consistent with the language before the comma that sets out the broad scope of the provision. It's at least possible to read the retention language as an independent benefit. Congress repeated the word "shall," meaning that it is an independent mandate. The object of the mandate is different. It is the alien who retains the priority date, whereas it's the alien's petition that is converted. And we know from Ron Pair that a statute that says that there is a duty to do A and a duty to do B can be at least read reasonably and possibly ­­

Justice Scalia: Well, this is all upside Alderson Reporting Company Official down. I thought it's the Agency that we deferred to. If it can be read in the way the Agency wants, we affirm the Agency's position.

Mark C. Fleming: That is ­­

Justice Scalia: You're saying that that's not true, that if it can be read the way the court of appeals would like it to be read, we must affirm the court of appeals on it.

Mark C. Fleming: This is a very important question, Justice Scalia. I want to make sure ­­

Justice Scalia: It sure is. I never heard ­­ (Laughter.)

Justice Scalia: I never heard of that proposition.

Mark C. Fleming: What I have been ­­ what I have been trying to note is the fact that what we're talking about here is a statute that the government is trying to argue is hopelessly internally inconsistent. That is a step 1 argument that we think gets rejected at step 1 because the statute can be read holistically and harmoniously. And if there is any possible reading ­­ this is the language of Brown and Williamson and FTC versus Mandel ­­ if the benefits after the comma can be read in Alderson Reporting Company Official a way that is consistent with the broad scope that Congress said this statute is to apply to, that is the reading to be given. Now, this ­­

Justice Scalia: That would depend entirely upon how much weight you want to give to the word "automatically." I frankly find it hard to think that all the things that you say are going to happen flow from the word "automatic." And once you have a more narrow view of automatically, it isn't ­­ your holistic argument does not carry the day, and you're left with an ambiguity that, it seems to me, we would defer to the Agency on, not ­­ not to the Ninth Circuit.

Mark C. Fleming: This ­­ I'm not seeking deference to the Ninth Circuit by any means, Justice Scalia. I'm seeking deference to Congress and its plain language. And that's precisely the point. Now, going back to "automatic," since Your Honor wanted to focus on that, I mean, "automatic" just means it happens without any further interaction by the ­­ by the alien. All it means in the regulations is that the Agency regards the petition as being approved in a different category. And that certainly can happen in our case. The government doesn't actually dispute that Alderson Reporting Company Official it happens in the adjustment of status context. They just argue that, somehow, the difference in petitioner is relevant.

Justice Kennedy: Suppose ­­ suppose everybody knows that, for the group that's covered by the Ninth Circuit's opinion, the nephews, that there's going to be a 3 or 4­year wait. Doesn't a new petition have to be filed, so that BIA knows that this person's in line?

Mark C. Fleming: What ­­ what fundamentally happens is that the ­­ the petition gets filed by the U.S. citizen relative, and then, after it's approved, just by basically checking that the relative is entitled to file that petition, then everybody awaits until the petition ­­ until the priority date of the ­­ of the beneficiary becomes current, according to the State Department lines. It's not as though there's a constantly re­updating, to see if anyone has aged out or anyone has naturalized or anyone's gotten married or anything like that. If somebody wants to do that, then, obviously, they can send something in. But it's not as though there is a continuous updating of the file, until the time comes when a visa application is submitted. Alderson Reporting Company Official And when a visa application is submitted, then it is adjudicated, and then all of these things are checked, and the determination of age under age one happens, and that is the point where the automatic conversion is going to happen. And as long as that happens while the parent is already a lawful permanent resident, there is no obstacle to conversion and no obstacle to it being automatic because nothing else needs to be done. All that has to happen is the officer has to regard it as having been approved in the ­­

Justice Breyer: Can I ask you a quick question ­­

Mark C. Fleming: Yes.

Justice Breyer: ­­ about your alternative argument, with you and Justice Scalia. I take it your argument is, look at the words; the part before the comma defines a group, and that group is not in dispute. It's all the F derivatives.

Mark C. Fleming: Yes.

Justice Breyer: All right. Then look at the first part. It says, the petition shall automatically be converted.

Mark C. Fleming: Yes.

Justice Breyer: See, if I lose on that, Alderson Reporting Company Official then look at the second part. It says, the alien shall retain the original priority date. And you say, as to that, that has an independent life.

Mark C. Fleming: That's ­­ that is ­­

Justice Breyer: That's the B. So it's either A or B. And we think we win on A and B, but if not, we at least win on B. Now, has the Agency ever expressed a view in respect to whether you are right or wrong about your independent B?

Mark C. Fleming: I don't think so. The government may think so, but I don't ­­

Justice Breyer: No. So wouldn't the right thing to do there be, in respect to B, send it back to the Agency so that they can express a view in respect to that?

Mark C. Fleming: I think that's certainly ­­

Justice Scalia: How can you possibly qualify for B, without qualifying for A? How can you retain your original priority if you have not been converted to another category?

Mark C. Fleming: The way the government ­­

Justice Scalia: That's quite impossible. The two are obviously conjunctive and not dysjunctive.

Mark C. Fleming: The way the government has been applying this provision since its enactment, for Alderson Reporting Company Official over 10 years, Justice Scalia, has been to require everybody, even the people ­­ the F2A beneficiaries whom the government is now contending are entitled to automatic conversion, it has required them to file to get a new petition filed. It has been denying automatic conversion to everybody, and it did that up through the filing of our Red Brief. It was only after we pointed this out, a week before the government filed its reply brief in this Court, CIS issued new guidance saying, okay, henceforward, you don't need to file a new petition anymore. As far as I know, for consular processing cases, they are still doing it the old way. You still cannot get automatic conversion, but you do get to retain your priority date. They are clearly implementable as separate benefits. That is how this has been done over the last 10 or 11 years, until the government came time to file its brief ­­ its reply brief in this Court.

Justice Scalia: Well, all that proves is that you need either automatic conversion or the filing of a separate petition. But you obviously need either one or the other of those two ­­

Mark C. Fleming: Yes.

Justice Scalia: ­­ before the ­­ the B Alderson Reporting Company Official part, "the alien shall retain the original priority," makes any sense.

Mark C. Fleming: We don't disagree with that, Justice Scalia, but we have new petitions that were filed as a protective matter in these cases. That ­­ that's not a problem. These ­­ precisely because the government was requiring everyone to file a new petition, all of the Respondents' children in this case have F2B petitions pending. We don't think we need them. Our primary argument is they should have had the original petition converted. But if, for some reason, this Court disagrees, we have F2B petitions there, as to which the priority date can and should be retained, so either of these is a sufficient basis to affirm the court of appeals. I haven't spoken much about step 2 of Chevron because I think it can and should be resolved at step 1. But I would like to address the question that ­­ the response that was made in ­­ in response to Justice Ginsburg's question at the beginning. The ­­ the point about the categories here, it is a natural phenomenon of these categories that they are fluid. People are coming in and out of them at various times, depending on naturalization, on marriage, Alderson Reporting Company Official on termination of marriage, as people adopt children, as people decide not to immigrate, as people pass away. There is ­­ these aren't hermetically sealed categories. Also, there is no way to apply (h)(3) without some kind of movement. Even the government's theory of (h)(3) means that some people are going to go out of the F2A category into the F2B category. And so the question is, under Chevron step 2, which, again, we don't think the Court needs to address, has the BIA drawn a rational line here, within this group of beneficiaries who are all F2B, all children of lawful permanent residents? And the line the BIA drew is it says we are going to treat better people who have two lawful permanent resident parents than people who have one lawful permanent resident parent, often, two, and a U.S. citizen relative. Is there a rational line for that? The BIA certainly hasn't provided one. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. Ms. Goldenberg, four minutes. REBUTTAL ARGUMENT OF ELAINE J. GOLDENBERG ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Thank you, Your Honor. The Respondents were trying to put far too Alderson Reporting Company Official heavy a burden on the government in the Chevron deference case. So long as the Agency has arrived at a reasonable reading of this very complicated statute, the Agency is entitled to deference here. And the Respondents' idea that some kind of internal inconsistency is absolutely required here is wrong. Automatic conversion ­­ the phrase about automatic conversion is ambiguous, and it renders the whole provision ambiguous. And let me address the idea that everyone before the comma, everyone in the "if" clause of Section 1153(h)(3) necessarily qualifies here. That's not true under Respondents' own reading, and it can't be true because there are going to be situations where someone has their age calculated as over 21 as of the date the visa becomes available to the parent, and the parent never becomes a lawful permanent resident. They don't qualify. They come to the border, and they are not let through the border. And so, in that situation, there are going to be people who are named in that first part of the clause who are not going to be be entitled to automatic conversion.

Justice Sotomayor: What he's saying ­­ but what he's saying is that's true of everybody. FBA, any of these categories don't get converted until the visa Alderson Reporting Company Official is actually issued ­­

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, but that's not ­­

Justice Sotomayor: ­­ until you go to the consular order ­­ office and apply. That's true no matter what.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: It's not true with respect to F2A derivatives because they have an existing relationship with the existing petitioner. They don't need the primary beneficiary to become a lawful permanent resident in order to get automatic conversion. But the broader point is that we are talking about ­­

Justice Sotomayor: They can come in before their parent?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: No, it's not that they can come in ­­

Justice Sotomayor: Their parent has to become a citizen, and then they can come in, correct?

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes, Your Honor, but they don't ­­ to get automatic conversion, they are not relying on that new lawful permanent resident. They are relying on their existing relationship with somebody else. But the broader point here is we aren't necessarily talking about a subcategory of people who Alderson Reporting Company Official are named in that "if" clause who are going to benefit from automatic conversion. There's another example, as well, in the diversity visa context. Diversity visas don't have priority dates. So it's awfully hard to see the derivative beneficiaries of diversity visas who are named in the (h)2) definitional section are going to be able to necessarily benefit from Section 1153(h)(3). And even if you did think that everybody had to sort of run through the 1153(h)(3) analysis, the answer you come up with, with respect to certain people, is it's a null category. There is no appropriate category for them, so the category is nothing. I'd like to talk a little bit as well about the retention issue that Respondents discussed. And the implication of Respondents' argument is, as I think Justice Scalia recognized in his question, that somebody can get a priority date and just walk around with it, even if there is no valid petition pending as to them and even if their parent never becomes a lawful permanent resident. So that would mean that aged­out derivative beneficiaries, under Respondents' interpretation, would be better off than children whose parents never become a lawful permanent resident. They would have a priority Alderson Reporting Company Official date somehow in their pocket, that they could walk around with and use 20 years later, when somebody filed a different petition on their behalf, an employment petition ­­

Chief Justice Roberts: Well, it's not so odd to say they've got a priority date in their pocket when the statute says the original priority date ­­ they'll retain the original priority date.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Yes, but the statute is most reasonably read to say, as all other automatic conversion provisions do, that they retain the priority date if the automatic conversion is possible, so that there's a specific petition being identified that that priority date is going to attach to, and not that you just somehow have a priority date, which is, keep in mind, a filing date, that you're just going to kind of hold and walk around with and use it if you want.

Chief Justice Roberts: Hold or maybe retain.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Well ­­ but in a situation in which the parent never becomes a lawful permanent resident, that would mean ­­ that would turn the ­­ the notion of a derivative beneficiary upside down. That would mean that someone could, in effect, be a derivative beneficiary and use that priority date in the Alderson Reporting Company Official future, even if ­­

Justice Sotomayor: I am so confused. You better unconfuse me, okay, on this argument.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Sorry, Your Honor.

Justice Sotomayor: It's an original date, basically, to the original petition, meaning there has ­­ it is that that's being converted. If that hasn't been granted, there's nothing to convert. If that person hasn't become a citizen, there is nothing to attach any change to.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: But Respondents' argument is that you don't need automatic conversion, that retention of priority date ­­

Justice Sotomayor: You're talking about his second step.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: It's the ­­ exactly. It's the separate step.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. We're talking about his second step.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: You just explained exactly why that can't be right because you do need something to attach it to.

Justice Sotomayor: All right. You're only talking about his second argument.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Exactly. But I would like Alderson Reporting Company Official to go back to automatic conversion, if I could, and just make a few more points. And one is that the idea that ­­ that Wang didn't say that the petitioner ­­

Chief Justice Roberts: You can finish ­­ finish that sentence.

Elaine J. Goldenberg: Thank you, Your Honor. The idea that the board in the matter of Wang didn't say that the petitioner couldn't change is simply wrong. The board very, very clearly, on page 35 of its decision, says that conversion means that you don't need a new petitioner. Thank you.

Chief Justice Roberts: Thank you, counsel. The case is submitted. (Whereupon, at 12:42 p.m., the case in the above­entitled matter was submitted.)